Catcher in the Rye

In J. D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caulfield’s apparent madness and irrational behavior plays an important role. The decisions that Holden makes at the time seem un-normal and irrational to characters in the novel, but to the reader they seem wise and reasonable. One example of this behavior is the way Holden treats women. Throughout the novel he has the temptation to be with women, but he can resist his urges. He doesn’t want to be with a girl, just to be with a girl, Caulfield actually wants it to mean something.At the time people would have thought Holden was mad for passing up some of his opportunities with women, but when a reader reads about it, they feel like Holden is making the right decision. This helps the reader to believe that Holden is mature. When Holden donates the ten dollars he has to the nuns, some people may think that that was a large amount of money to spend on something, in which you get no gift out of. Even though Holden didn’t receive something physically back, he did receive something back mentally.Since he had felt guilty for the night before, he wanted to pay off his guilt. To some people it may seem â€Å"mad† to pay off your guilt, but to Holden it was what he needed to do. Madness can be determined differently through other peoples eyes, what one person may think is what is considered â€Å"mad†, another may find completely normal. The difference and the significance of the â€Å"madness† in the novel work as a whole because it shows how not thinking like everyone else isn’t a bad thing.Holden has a mind of his own, and he uses it to his advantage, making him a stronger and more independent individual. Holden carries himself in a very unique way, some people may think his decision are irrational, and some may think they are completely logical. Analyzing how â€Å"madness† works, and how â€Å"madness† is seen through dif ferent peoples eyes is difficult, but when it comes down to it, it is always going to be seen differently. Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is written in a subjective style from the point of view of its protagonist, Holden Caulfield, following his exact thought process (a writing style known as stream of consciousness). There is flow in the seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes; for example, as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm, minor events such as picking up a book or looking at a table, unfold into discussions about experiences. Critical reviews agree that the novel accurately reflected the teenage colloquial speech of the time. Holden is six feet two and has grown six and a half inches in the last year.He's a heavy smoker and wears his hair in a crew cut. People mistake him for being 13 even though he's 16 and has a headful of gray hair. Holden's appearance is that of an adolescent who's not just too young or too old for his age, but somehow both at once. Holden has just failed out of Pencey Prep. The only subject he passed was English, as he reads a lot on his own. The novel follows Holden' s last few days at Pencey and the events that happen afterward, which lead to his hospitalization and psychoanalysis. The Catcher in the Rye is the story of Holden Caulfield during these crucial days, as told by Holden.Holden is alienated from society. He feels that no one understands him and that everyone is a â€Å"phony†. He thinks that no one is honest, and everybody wants to be something else. He feels that the only person who understands him is Phoebe. He does not have relationships with girls, or anyone because he feels that he is the only genuine person in the world.. Holden has to deal with loss. He loses his brother, Allie, to leukemia, and feels a tremendous loss. Allie wrote poems on an old baseball glove, and Holden cherishes this, and speaks about it in great detail.His brother D. B. lives in Hollywood, and is a screenwriter. Holden regards him as a â€Å"phony† and has little contact with him. He regards D. B. as a figurative prostitute, who writes only to make money, and not for intellectual redemption. Another issue in Catcher is betrayal. Holden constantly feels betrayed, and that is a possible cause of his problems. Early in the novel, Mr. Spencer betrays him. He was one of the few teachers at Pency that Holden liked. Spencer broke the news of Holden's expulsion, and Holden felt betrayed.Stradlater betrays Holden by dating his best friend, Jane, whom Holden also had a crush on. When Holden returns home to see Phoebe, she is disappointed in him that he failed out of Pency. He thinks that she should accept him unconditionally, so he feels betrayed. Writer Bruce Brooks held that Holden's attitude remains unchanged at story's end, implying no maturation, thus differentiating the novel from young adult fiction. In contrast, writer and academic Louis Menand thought that teachers assign the novel because of the optimistic ending, to teach adolescent readers that â€Å"alienation is just a phase. While Brooks maintained that Holden ac ts his age, Menand claimed that Holden thinks as an adult, given his ability to accurately perceive people and their motives such as when Phoebe states that she will go out west with Holden, and he immediately rejects this idea as ridiculous, much to Phoebe's disappointment. Others highlight the dilemma of Holden's state, in between adolescence and adulthood. While Holden views himself to be smarter than and as mature as adults, he is quick to become emotional. â€Å"I felt sorry as hell for†¦ † is a phrase he often uses. Peter Beidler, in his A Reader's Companion to J.D. Salinger's â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, identifies the movie that the prostitute Sunny refers to in chapter 13 of The Catcher in the Rye. She says that in the movie a boy falls off a boat. The movie is Captains Courageous, starring Spencer Tracy. Sunny says that Holden looks like the boy who fell off the boat. Beidler shows (see p. 28) a still of the boy, played by child-actor Freddie Bartholom ew. The novel's philosophy has been negatively compared with that of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Each Caulfield child has literary talent: D. B. writes screenplays in Hollywood; Holden also reveres D.B. for his writing skill (Holden's own best subject), but he also despises movies, considering them the ultimate in â€Å"phony†, and describes D. B. ‘s move to Hollywood to write for films as â€Å"prostituting himself†; Allie wrote poetry on his baseball glove; and Phoebe is a diarist. This â€Å"catcher in the rye† is an analogy for Holden, who admires in kids attributes he struggles to find in adults, like innocence, kindness, spontaneity, and generosity. Falling off the cliff could be a progression into the adult world that surrounds him and that he strongly criticizes.Later, Phoebe and Holden exchange roles as the â€Å"catcher† and the â€Å"fallen†; he gives her his hunting hat, the catcher's symbol, and becomes the fallen as Phoebe becomes th e catcher. Holden is an atypical teenager. He is alienated more than most adolescents. He also is in the midst of an identity crisis. All teenagers go through these phases, so everyone can relate to Holden to some extent. Holden is socially inept. Although he has many friends and acquaintances, he can not form lasting, meaningful friendships. Most teenagers, although they do have insecurities, are able to function in relationships. Holden does not mature through the novel.He actually regresses back to a child-like state of mind. He is constantly dwelling on the death of his younger brother, and avoids his parents, and feels like the only person he can talk to is his ten year old sister. Holden holds Allie and Phoebe in such high esteem because they are innocent. Holden's goal is to protect innocence in the world. When he hears the â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† song being sung by a little boy, he decides that he wants to be the person that keeps children from falling off a cliff. That cliff symbolizes the transition from childhood to adulthood, and he wants to keep them as innocent children, not phony adults. Catcher in the Rye The Theme of Phoniness in Catcher in the Rye Phoniness is a reoccurring theme used in J. D. Salinger’s ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ by the main character Holden Caufield. Throughout the entire novel, the word â€Å"phony† is used many times by Holden, making phoniness appear to be one of the most dominant reoccurring themes. He describes numerous characters’ â€Å"fake† attitudes as phony. It seems to be the way Holden rationalizes that the world is a bad place and thus making him want to protect adolescence and keep them from being exposed to adults and this phoniness.But Holden actually appears to be a hypocrite. Holden Caufield believes all adults are phony, but as the novel shows, Holden is not immune from phoniness himself. Holden is constantly referring to people and situations as phony. One being shallow, fake, or superficial qualifies them as a phony according to Holden. Holden sees this â€Å"phoniness† everywhere in the adult worl d. Many of the characters in the novel are indeed often phony to keep up their appearance, so yes, people are phony and Holden is right, but he himself is guilty of the same things.The first time Holden mentions the phonies he brings up Mr. Spencer. He had disagreed with Mr. Spencer when he had told him about â€Å"life being a game†, and simply responded by saying, â€Å"If you get on the side where all the hot shots are, then it’s a game, all right—I’ll admit that. But if you get on the other side, where there aren’t any hot shots, then what’s the game about? Nothing. No Game† (Salinger 8). Phonies, like his fellow students, are more interested in looking good than actually doing anything good. Holden often develops sarcastic phoniness, either out of his anger or as a complete joke.After Holden got in a fight with his roommate, Stradlater, he goes into his neighbor Ackley’s room. When Ackley does not let him sleep in his empt y roommate’s bed Holden says, â€Å"You’re a real prince. You’re a gentleman and a scholar, kid† (Salinger 47-8). This is a perfect example of Holden’s sarcasm and phoniness, especially since he had earlier admitted to how much he disliked Ackley. Throughout the novel Holden tell pointless lies, talks to girls he does not like, or agrees with things he in reality does not match his beliefs at all.For example, after Holden gives three women, whom he refers to as â€Å"witches† they eye at the table next to him he says, â€Å"That annoyed the hell out of me—you’d’ve thought I wanted to marry them or something. I should’ve given them the freeze, after they did that, but the trouble was, I really felt like dancing† (Salinger 70). These women are exactly the type of women Holden sees as phony as they were interested in movie stars and material things, and yet he still wants to dance with them, and also precedes to buy their drinks.Furthermore, in chapter 13, Holden accepts a prostitute for five dollars, he says, â€Å"It was against my principles and all, but I was feeling so depressed I didn’t even think† (Salinger 91). Holden even says right then and there it was against his â€Å"principals†, but he shows that he himself is superficial as well. Although he does not end up doing anything with Sunny, the prostitute, he accepted in the first place only to show that he is not a coward.Holden believes women like men who assert power–and if these men with power were anybody else but himself he would refer to them as phony. In summary, Holden Caufield is not exempt from phoniness himself. Phoniness to Holden is his way of describing someone who is fake, superficial, shallow, or a hypocrite, judged by his encounters with others. Holden shows throughout the novel that he, himself, is a hypocrite too. He lies to people, cheats people, judges people, and does things tha t he would not agree with if it were somebody else doing it. Holden is his own counterevidence. Catcher in the Rye Kathleen Cooley Ms. Bertram English 2 Honors 24 September 2009 The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is a famous novel written by J. D. Salinger. Taken place in New York City. The main character, known as Holden Caulfield, tries to discover the meaning of life and goes through many obstacles. In his tone throughout the story, he narrates and describes how certain people have an affect on him, also what they mean to him. As Holden Caulfield narrates the story, each character is given specialized details. What Holden sees in them, if they are phony or real. Symbolism is portrayed through the entire novel. Certain tatements are written as one object but represent a disguised meaning. Throughout the entire novel, Holden Caulfield always seems to ostracize everyone. He is always writing about others, how they look or what he feels for them. But never comes through to get close enough with someone emotionally. Holden does not have relations with anyone, he thinks everyone is phony. He always just seemed to be confused about life. Also he has not finished school, and all he is doing is wondering around every night around New York City. He should be trying to get back into school for a good education to have a bright future. When Holden writes about each of his friends or relatives he gives them specialized details. For example, He writes â€Å"I mean most girls are so dumb and all. After you neck them for a while, you can really watch them losing their brains. You take a girl when she really gets passionate, she just hasn't any brains. † (Salinger ch. 13 pg 92). Holden explains his thoughts about girls, witch he does not have any feeling for. He does not really have any feelings for anyone not just girls, but for his family also, since he’s really not with them or in contact with them anyhow. Symbolism plays a major role in this novel. Holden writes about objects, but are really given disguised meanings. An example â€Å"My brother Allie had this left-handed fielder’s mitt. He was left-handed. The thing that was descriptive about it, though, was that he had poems written all over the fingers and the pocket and everywhere. In green ink. He wrote them on it so that he’d have something to read when he was in the field and nobody was up at bat. † (Salinger ch. 5 pg 38). Notice how he writes descriptive details about the mitt. As if it is more important to him than it is to Allie, his brother that is dead now. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is a great example for tone, character, and symbolism. There are many examples that are given throughout the entire novel of these rhetorical devices. As Holden is growing from a little boy to a young adult, He is very confused about his life and really has no idea where he is going in his future. He writes about the many obstacles that he is going through. As if He is trying to give the reader a message and that message is, for your life, it is your own story and you have to write the pages and complete it. . Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is written in a subjective style from the point of view of its protagonist, Holden Caulfield, following his exact thought process (a writing style known as stream of consciousness). There is flow in the seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes; for example, as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm, minor events such as picking up a book or looking at a table, unfold into discussions about experiences. Critical reviews agree that the novel accurately reflected the teenage colloquial speech of the time. Holden is six feet two and has grown six and a half inches in the last year.He's a heavy smoker and wears his hair in a crew cut. People mistake him for being 13 even though he's 16 and has a headful of gray hair. Holden's appearance is that of an adolescent who's not just too young or too old for his age, but somehow both at once. Holden has just failed out of Pencey Prep. The only subject he passed was English, as he reads a lot on his own. The novel follows Holden' s last few days at Pencey and the events that happen afterward, which lead to his hospitalization and psychoanalysis. The Catcher in the Rye is the story of Holden Caulfield during these crucial days, as told by Holden.Holden is alienated from society. He feels that no one understands him and that everyone is a â€Å"phony†. He thinks that no one is honest, and everybody wants to be something else. He feels that the only person who understands him is Phoebe. He does not have relationships with girls, or anyone because he feels that he is the only genuine person in the world.. Holden has to deal with loss. He loses his brother, Allie, to leukemia, and feels a tremendous loss. Allie wrote poems on an old baseball glove, and Holden cherishes this, and speaks about it in great detail.His brother D. B. lives in Hollywood, and is a screenwriter. Holden regards him as a â€Å"phony† and has little contact with him. He regards D. B. as a figurative prostitute, who writes only to make money, and not for intellectual redemption. Another issue in Catcher is betrayal. Holden constantly feels betrayed, and that is a possible cause of his problems. Early in the novel, Mr. Spencer betrays him. He was one of the few teachers at Pency that Holden liked. Spencer broke the news of Holden's expulsion, and Holden felt betrayed.Stradlater betrays Holden by dating his best friend, Jane, whom Holden also had a crush on. When Holden returns home to see Phoebe, she is disappointed in him that he failed out of Pency. He thinks that she should accept him unconditionally, so he feels betrayed. Writer Bruce Brooks held that Holden's attitude remains unchanged at story's end, implying no maturation, thus differentiating the novel from young adult fiction. In contrast, writer and academic Louis Menand thought that teachers assign the novel because of the optimistic ending, to teach adolescent readers that â€Å"alienation is just a phase. While Brooks maintained that Holden ac ts his age, Menand claimed that Holden thinks as an adult, given his ability to accurately perceive people and their motives such as when Phoebe states that she will go out west with Holden, and he immediately rejects this idea as ridiculous, much to Phoebe's disappointment. Others highlight the dilemma of Holden's state, in between adolescence and adulthood. While Holden views himself to be smarter than and as mature as adults, he is quick to become emotional. â€Å"I felt sorry as hell for†¦ † is a phrase he often uses. Peter Beidler, in his A Reader's Companion to J.D. Salinger's â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, identifies the movie that the prostitute Sunny refers to in chapter 13 of The Catcher in the Rye. She says that in the movie a boy falls off a boat. The movie is Captains Courageous, starring Spencer Tracy. Sunny says that Holden looks like the boy who fell off the boat. Beidler shows (see p. 28) a still of the boy, played by child-actor Freddie Bartholom ew. The novel's philosophy has been negatively compared with that of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Each Caulfield child has literary talent: D. B. writes screenplays in Hollywood; Holden also reveres D.B. for his writing skill (Holden's own best subject), but he also despises movies, considering them the ultimate in â€Å"phony†, and describes D. B. ‘s move to Hollywood to write for films as â€Å"prostituting himself†; Allie wrote poetry on his baseball glove; and Phoebe is a diarist. This â€Å"catcher in the rye† is an analogy for Holden, who admires in kids attributes he struggles to find in adults, like innocence, kindness, spontaneity, and generosity. Falling off the cliff could be a progression into the adult world that surrounds him and that he strongly criticizes.Later, Phoebe and Holden exchange roles as the â€Å"catcher† and the â€Å"fallen†; he gives her his hunting hat, the catcher's symbol, and becomes the fallen as Phoebe becomes th e catcher. Holden is an atypical teenager. He is alienated more than most adolescents. He also is in the midst of an identity crisis. All teenagers go through these phases, so everyone can relate to Holden to some extent. Holden is socially inept. Although he has many friends and acquaintances, he can not form lasting, meaningful friendships. Most teenagers, although they do have insecurities, are able to function in relationships. Holden does not mature through the novel.He actually regresses back to a child-like state of mind. He is constantly dwelling on the death of his younger brother, and avoids his parents, and feels like the only person he can talk to is his ten year old sister. Holden holds Allie and Phoebe in such high esteem because they are innocent. Holden's goal is to protect innocence in the world. When he hears the â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† song being sung by a little boy, he decides that he wants to be the person that keeps children from falling off a cliff. That cliff symbolizes the transition from childhood to adulthood, and he wants to keep them as innocent children, not phony adults. Catcher in the Rye Kathleen Cooley Ms. Bertram English 2 Honors 24 September 2009 The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is a famous novel written by J. D. Salinger. Taken place in New York City. The main character, known as Holden Caulfield, tries to discover the meaning of life and goes through many obstacles. In his tone throughout the story, he narrates and describes how certain people have an affect on him, also what they mean to him. As Holden Caulfield narrates the story, each character is given specialized details. What Holden sees in them, if they are phony or real. Symbolism is portrayed through the entire novel. Certain tatements are written as one object but represent a disguised meaning. Throughout the entire novel, Holden Caulfield always seems to ostracize everyone. He is always writing about others, how they look or what he feels for them. But never comes through to get close enough with someone emotionally. Holden does not have relations with anyone, he thinks everyone is phony. He always just seemed to be confused about life. Also he has not finished school, and all he is doing is wondering around every night around New York City. He should be trying to get back into school for a good education to have a bright future. When Holden writes about each of his friends or relatives he gives them specialized details. For example, He writes â€Å"I mean most girls are so dumb and all. After you neck them for a while, you can really watch them losing their brains. You take a girl when she really gets passionate, she just hasn't any brains. † (Salinger ch. 13 pg 92). Holden explains his thoughts about girls, witch he does not have any feeling for. He does not really have any feelings for anyone not just girls, but for his family also, since he’s really not with them or in contact with them anyhow. Symbolism plays a major role in this novel. Holden writes about objects, but are really given disguised meanings. An example â€Å"My brother Allie had this left-handed fielder’s mitt. He was left-handed. The thing that was descriptive about it, though, was that he had poems written all over the fingers and the pocket and everywhere. In green ink. He wrote them on it so that he’d have something to read when he was in the field and nobody was up at bat. † (Salinger ch. 5 pg 38). Notice how he writes descriptive details about the mitt. As if it is more important to him than it is to Allie, his brother that is dead now. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is a great example for tone, character, and symbolism. There are many examples that are given throughout the entire novel of these rhetorical devices. As Holden is growing from a little boy to a young adult, He is very confused about his life and really has no idea where he is going in his future. He writes about the many obstacles that he is going through. As if He is trying to give the reader a message and that message is, for your life, it is your own story and you have to write the pages and complete it. . Catcher in the Rye The Theme of Phoniness in Catcher in the Rye Phoniness is a reoccurring theme used in J. D. Salinger’s ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ by the main character Holden Caufield. Throughout the entire novel, the word â€Å"phony† is used many times by Holden, making phoniness appear to be one of the most dominant reoccurring themes. He describes numerous characters’ â€Å"fake† attitudes as phony. It seems to be the way Holden rationalizes that the world is a bad place and thus making him want to protect adolescence and keep them from being exposed to adults and this phoniness.But Holden actually appears to be a hypocrite. Holden Caufield believes all adults are phony, but as the novel shows, Holden is not immune from phoniness himself. Holden is constantly referring to people and situations as phony. One being shallow, fake, or superficial qualifies them as a phony according to Holden. Holden sees this â€Å"phoniness† everywhere in the adult worl d. Many of the characters in the novel are indeed often phony to keep up their appearance, so yes, people are phony and Holden is right, but he himself is guilty of the same things.The first time Holden mentions the phonies he brings up Mr. Spencer. He had disagreed with Mr. Spencer when he had told him about â€Å"life being a game†, and simply responded by saying, â€Å"If you get on the side where all the hot shots are, then it’s a game, all right—I’ll admit that. But if you get on the other side, where there aren’t any hot shots, then what’s the game about? Nothing. No Game† (Salinger 8). Phonies, like his fellow students, are more interested in looking good than actually doing anything good. Holden often develops sarcastic phoniness, either out of his anger or as a complete joke.After Holden got in a fight with his roommate, Stradlater, he goes into his neighbor Ackley’s room. When Ackley does not let him sleep in his empt y roommate’s bed Holden says, â€Å"You’re a real prince. You’re a gentleman and a scholar, kid† (Salinger 47-8). This is a perfect example of Holden’s sarcasm and phoniness, especially since he had earlier admitted to how much he disliked Ackley. Throughout the novel Holden tell pointless lies, talks to girls he does not like, or agrees with things he in reality does not match his beliefs at all.For example, after Holden gives three women, whom he refers to as â€Å"witches† they eye at the table next to him he says, â€Å"That annoyed the hell out of me—you’d’ve thought I wanted to marry them or something. I should’ve given them the freeze, after they did that, but the trouble was, I really felt like dancing† (Salinger 70). These women are exactly the type of women Holden sees as phony as they were interested in movie stars and material things, and yet he still wants to dance with them, and also precedes to buy their drinks.Furthermore, in chapter 13, Holden accepts a prostitute for five dollars, he says, â€Å"It was against my principles and all, but I was feeling so depressed I didn’t even think† (Salinger 91). Holden even says right then and there it was against his â€Å"principals†, but he shows that he himself is superficial as well. Although he does not end up doing anything with Sunny, the prostitute, he accepted in the first place only to show that he is not a coward.Holden believes women like men who assert power–and if these men with power were anybody else but himself he would refer to them as phony. In summary, Holden Caufield is not exempt from phoniness himself. Phoniness to Holden is his way of describing someone who is fake, superficial, shallow, or a hypocrite, judged by his encounters with others. Holden shows throughout the novel that he, himself, is a hypocrite too. He lies to people, cheats people, judges people, and does things tha t he would not agree with if it were somebody else doing it. Holden is his own counterevidence. Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is written in a subjective style from the point of view of its protagonist, Holden Caulfield, following his exact thought process (a writing style known as stream of consciousness). There is flow in the seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes; for example, as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm, minor events such as picking up a book or looking at a table, unfold into discussions about experiences. Critical reviews agree that the novel accurately reflected the teenage colloquial speech of the time. Holden is six feet two and has grown six and a half inches in the last year.He's a heavy smoker and wears his hair in a crew cut. People mistake him for being 13 even though he's 16 and has a headful of gray hair. Holden's appearance is that of an adolescent who's not just too young or too old for his age, but somehow both at once. Holden has just failed out of Pencey Prep. The only subject he passed was English, as he reads a lot on his own. The novel follows Holden' s last few days at Pencey and the events that happen afterward, which lead to his hospitalization and psychoanalysis. The Catcher in the Rye is the story of Holden Caulfield during these crucial days, as told by Holden.Holden is alienated from society. He feels that no one understands him and that everyone is a â€Å"phony†. He thinks that no one is honest, and everybody wants to be something else. He feels that the only person who understands him is Phoebe. He does not have relationships with girls, or anyone because he feels that he is the only genuine person in the world.. Holden has to deal with loss. He loses his brother, Allie, to leukemia, and feels a tremendous loss. Allie wrote poems on an old baseball glove, and Holden cherishes this, and speaks about it in great detail.His brother D. B. lives in Hollywood, and is a screenwriter. Holden regards him as a â€Å"phony† and has little contact with him. He regards D. B. as a figurative prostitute, who writes only to make money, and not for intellectual redemption. Another issue in Catcher is betrayal. Holden constantly feels betrayed, and that is a possible cause of his problems. Early in the novel, Mr. Spencer betrays him. He was one of the few teachers at Pency that Holden liked. Spencer broke the news of Holden's expulsion, and Holden felt betrayed.Stradlater betrays Holden by dating his best friend, Jane, whom Holden also had a crush on. When Holden returns home to see Phoebe, she is disappointed in him that he failed out of Pency. He thinks that she should accept him unconditionally, so he feels betrayed. Writer Bruce Brooks held that Holden's attitude remains unchanged at story's end, implying no maturation, thus differentiating the novel from young adult fiction. In contrast, writer and academic Louis Menand thought that teachers assign the novel because of the optimistic ending, to teach adolescent readers that â€Å"alienation is just a phase. While Brooks maintained that Holden ac ts his age, Menand claimed that Holden thinks as an adult, given his ability to accurately perceive people and their motives such as when Phoebe states that she will go out west with Holden, and he immediately rejects this idea as ridiculous, much to Phoebe's disappointment. Others highlight the dilemma of Holden's state, in between adolescence and adulthood. While Holden views himself to be smarter than and as mature as adults, he is quick to become emotional. â€Å"I felt sorry as hell for†¦ † is a phrase he often uses. Peter Beidler, in his A Reader's Companion to J.D. Salinger's â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, identifies the movie that the prostitute Sunny refers to in chapter 13 of The Catcher in the Rye. She says that in the movie a boy falls off a boat. The movie is Captains Courageous, starring Spencer Tracy. Sunny says that Holden looks like the boy who fell off the boat. Beidler shows (see p. 28) a still of the boy, played by child-actor Freddie Bartholom ew. The novel's philosophy has been negatively compared with that of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Each Caulfield child has literary talent: D. B. writes screenplays in Hollywood; Holden also reveres D.B. for his writing skill (Holden's own best subject), but he also despises movies, considering them the ultimate in â€Å"phony†, and describes D. B. ‘s move to Hollywood to write for films as â€Å"prostituting himself†; Allie wrote poetry on his baseball glove; and Phoebe is a diarist. This â€Å"catcher in the rye† is an analogy for Holden, who admires in kids attributes he struggles to find in adults, like innocence, kindness, spontaneity, and generosity. Falling off the cliff could be a progression into the adult world that surrounds him and that he strongly criticizes.Later, Phoebe and Holden exchange roles as the â€Å"catcher† and the â€Å"fallen†; he gives her his hunting hat, the catcher's symbol, and becomes the fallen as Phoebe becomes th e catcher. Holden is an atypical teenager. He is alienated more than most adolescents. He also is in the midst of an identity crisis. All teenagers go through these phases, so everyone can relate to Holden to some extent. Holden is socially inept. Although he has many friends and acquaintances, he can not form lasting, meaningful friendships. Most teenagers, although they do have insecurities, are able to function in relationships. Holden does not mature through the novel.He actually regresses back to a child-like state of mind. He is constantly dwelling on the death of his younger brother, and avoids his parents, and feels like the only person he can talk to is his ten year old sister. Holden holds Allie and Phoebe in such high esteem because they are innocent. Holden's goal is to protect innocence in the world. When he hears the â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† song being sung by a little boy, he decides that he wants to be the person that keeps children from falling off a cliff. That cliff symbolizes the transition from childhood to adulthood, and he wants to keep them as innocent children, not phony adults. Catcher in the Rye In J. D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caulfield’s apparent madness and irrational behavior plays an important role. The decisions that Holden makes at the time seem un-normal and irrational to characters in the novel, but to the reader they seem wise and reasonable. One example of this behavior is the way Holden treats women. Throughout the novel he has the temptation to be with women, but he can resist his urges. He doesn’t want to be with a girl, just to be with a girl, Caulfield actually wants it to mean something.At the time people would have thought Holden was mad for passing up some of his opportunities with women, but when a reader reads about it, they feel like Holden is making the right decision. This helps the reader to believe that Holden is mature. When Holden donates the ten dollars he has to the nuns, some people may think that that was a large amount of money to spend on something, in which you get no gift out of. Even though Holden didn’t receive something physically back, he did receive something back mentally.Since he had felt guilty for the night before, he wanted to pay off his guilt. To some people it may seem â€Å"mad† to pay off your guilt, but to Holden it was what he needed to do. Madness can be determined differently through other peoples eyes, what one person may think is what is considered â€Å"mad†, another may find completely normal. The difference and the significance of the â€Å"madness† in the novel work as a whole because it shows how not thinking like everyone else isn’t a bad thing.Holden has a mind of his own, and he uses it to his advantage, making him a stronger and more independent individual. Holden carries himself in a very unique way, some people may think his decision are irrational, and some may think they are completely logical. Analyzing how â€Å"madness† works, and how â€Å"madness† is seen through dif ferent peoples eyes is difficult, but when it comes down to it, it is always going to be seen differently. Catcher in the Rye Kathleen Cooley Ms. Bertram English 2 Honors 24 September 2009 The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is a famous novel written by J. D. Salinger. Taken place in New York City. The main character, known as Holden Caulfield, tries to discover the meaning of life and goes through many obstacles. In his tone throughout the story, he narrates and describes how certain people have an affect on him, also what they mean to him. As Holden Caulfield narrates the story, each character is given specialized details. What Holden sees in them, if they are phony or real. Symbolism is portrayed through the entire novel. Certain tatements are written as one object but represent a disguised meaning. Throughout the entire novel, Holden Caulfield always seems to ostracize everyone. He is always writing about others, how they look or what he feels for them. But never comes through to get close enough with someone emotionally. Holden does not have relations with anyone, he thinks everyone is phony. He always just seemed to be confused about life. Also he has not finished school, and all he is doing is wondering around every night around New York City. He should be trying to get back into school for a good education to have a bright future. When Holden writes about each of his friends or relatives he gives them specialized details. For example, He writes â€Å"I mean most girls are so dumb and all. After you neck them for a while, you can really watch them losing their brains. You take a girl when she really gets passionate, she just hasn't any brains. † (Salinger ch. 13 pg 92). Holden explains his thoughts about girls, witch he does not have any feeling for. He does not really have any feelings for anyone not just girls, but for his family also, since he’s really not with them or in contact with them anyhow. Symbolism plays a major role in this novel. Holden writes about objects, but are really given disguised meanings. An example â€Å"My brother Allie had this left-handed fielder’s mitt. He was left-handed. The thing that was descriptive about it, though, was that he had poems written all over the fingers and the pocket and everywhere. In green ink. He wrote them on it so that he’d have something to read when he was in the field and nobody was up at bat. † (Salinger ch. 5 pg 38). Notice how he writes descriptive details about the mitt. As if it is more important to him than it is to Allie, his brother that is dead now. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is a great example for tone, character, and symbolism. There are many examples that are given throughout the entire novel of these rhetorical devices. As Holden is growing from a little boy to a young adult, He is very confused about his life and really has no idea where he is going in his future. He writes about the many obstacles that he is going through. As if He is trying to give the reader a message and that message is, for your life, it is your own story and you have to write the pages and complete it. .

The Clashing of Wills

Conflict between generations is a common them to many novels. In the novel†Bread Givers†, by Anzia Yezierksa, the clashing of wills of two generations is one major theme. We see clashes through culture, generations, community, religion,generations, and many others. The most prominent clash of wills is that of the protagonist Sara with her father Moisha or Reb Smolinsky. Some may say that these two characters clash because of their differences. Others might say that it their similarities that cause the clash between them both. It seems that it is a combination of their similarities and their differences that cause their clash and, in fact, binds them closer than At the beginning of the novel we learn that Sara†s father has nick named her blood and iron recognizing the fact that she has a strong will. It is Sara†s strong will that causes the most of the conflict with her and her father. Sara gets her strong will and drive from her father. She is not like her sisters who follow the cultural expectations of early marriage, but she, instead, has greater ambition for her life. Sara plans to get an education which is not in her fathers plan for her life. Reb wants Sara to marry like her other sisters, and live a â€Å"holy† life according to the Torah. Sara†s will to educate herself, and Reb†s will to have Sara married is what causes the conflict in their relationship. Like Sara†s blood and iron will, Reb also is driven for his daughters to live their life according to the Torah. It is the strong will of these two characters that cause their connection. While Reb is bound to the laws and traditions of the Torah, Sara is bound to the drive to be educated or make herself a better, more successful person. One incident that exemplifies the strong will of both these characters is found at the beginning of the novel. The rent collector for the landlord comes to the apartment to collect rent, but Reb does not have the money. The two argue and Reb finally hits the collector, who is Jewish, and shouts, â€Å"I†ll teach you respect for the Holy Torah† (p. 18). Reb is then taken off to jail for assault. Then Sara decides since none of her sisters are bringing in enough money, that she would go out and make some. She buys a some fish for twenty five cents and then hit the street to sell them for double what she paid. We see by this that Reb has an iron will when in comes to his religion and the Torah, while Sara has a will to make herself a better and successful person. He strives for religious perfection while Sara strives Sara follows the orders of her father until she reaches her breaking point in the unsuccessful business he buys. Sara walks out on her mother and father, leaving behind all connections to her old life. This is her chance to start out in the world to attain her goal. This is a difficult thing for a girl to do in that time and place. She would face many bumps on her road, the greatest being resisting the old world that her family is bound to. While her sisters question her actions, they praise her for getting away from their father. Her sister Bessies says, â€Å"Thank God you had the courage to break away† (p 142). Bessie is praising her for not letting her father marry her off as he did her and his other two daughters. A long time after leaving the home Reb goes to visit Sara in her small apartment. The sight of her father is something she had longed for so she was happy to see him. She thought he would understand her because, as she says, â€Å"He had given up worldly success to drink the wisdom of the Torah† (p. 202). When in fact he came to chastise her for not accepting a marriage proposal. He feels this is her only chance to live a holy life and get into heaven. After her continued refusal and argument with her father Reb responds with, â€Å"I disown you. I curse you. May your name and your memory be blotted out of this earth† (p. 208). Sara had hoped for recognition, and even identification with her sacrifice while her father came only to shun her sacrifice. Her lifestyle, although much like his, was against his religious beliefs. This is a point were we see how the similarities between the two is what is breaking them apart. Sara says to her father, â€Å"All my selfishness is from you† (p. 206). Just like her father, Sara had given up her life to attain success through an education, but it is the education of her father that divides them. Reb sacrificed and educated himself in the Torah that tells him that a women is to be in the home. Sara is also sacrificing but, to her father, her sacrifice in sacrilege to their religion. Sara has an overwhelming will to educate herself in order to make herself a person. She sacrifices just about everything in her life in order to attain her goal of becoming a school teacher. She is willing to live alone, work and starve herself nearly to death, and give up all things other girls her age covet like going out on dates or wearing make-up. She address the sacrifice she makes within herself to her college dean, Sara says, â€Å"Why is it that when a nobody wants to get to be somebody she†s got to make herself terribly hard, when people like you who are born high up can keep all their kind feelings and get along so naturally well with everybody?†, (p. 231). Sara know that she had to become somebody else in order to attain her goal. She sees that she has to become â€Å"hard† in order to be a success. We see also in Reb a sacrifice. He has to sacrifice a life of frivolous living. He has dedicated himself to his religion, as Sara has dedicated herself to education. He acknowledges the fact that he has an obligation to live a model life. Some may say he was selfish in his dedication. This selfishness may be true but it was a selfishness that took a lot of dedication. Most could never live their lives to the letter of any law. Reb lived his life as a living example of what the Torah intended life to be. Whether we agree with it or not, his dedication is to be commended. We see that Sara and her father share many traits. They are both selfish to the cause of their own education. They both hold an intense dedication to what they set their minds to. So much so that it exceeds their need for anything else. They also have an intense connection to the tools of their dedication, in other words, their books. After Sara turns down a suitor she says, â€Å"I seized my books and hugged them to my breast as thought they were living things.† (p. 201). Reb also shows his connection to his books in dedicating a room in the small apartment just for them. Imagine, this family is crammed into a tiny apartment without room for light even, and he dedicates a room entirely to his books. We see that they both have a connection to learning that is stronger than any other. We see that the greatest divide in Sara and Reb†s relation as a reflection of the expected gender roles. Reb†s religious belief says that a women†s place is in the home and that being unmarried is sinful. A complete women to Reb is a married one while to Sara a complete women is an educated on. Reb wanted Sara married over anything else, while Sara wanted her education over anything else. They both had their own best interest at hear. Reb wanted his daughter to marry to secure a place in heaven, and Sara wanted an education to secure her place in the world. It is towards the end of the novel that we see how Sara and her father are so closely related. It is maybe at this time that Sara sees the connection as well. She comes to see how her father, like herself, had to make himself hard in order to obtain his goal of religious perfection. She says of her father, â€Å"In a world where all is changed, he alone remained unchanged-as tragically isolated as the rocks† (p. 296). She now sees how her father had to isolate and make himself hard in order to be the man he is. Sara sees that through education she is a person, and now sees that for her father to be a person he had to be the religious person. They say that opposites attract and we must, therefore, assume that likes repel. I think this is what we see with Sara and her father. They are essentially the same yet there outlook on life is different. They share a similar drive it is just their ideals that are different. Sara acknowledges that her connection would be there for the rest of their lives in the last passage of the book. She says, â€Å"I felt the shadow still there over me. It wasn†t just my father, but the generations who made my father whose weight was still upon me† (p. 297). Sara realizes that she is who she is because of her father, and he is the way he is because those who came before him. It is the burden we all bare with our families. We argue because we are so connected, and are essentially cut from the same cloth. Maybe this is why similar poles repel, it is because we see in our reflection what we don†t like in the reflection.

Corporate Sustainability and Organizational Change - Case Of OMV Essay

Corporate Sustainability and Organizational Change - Case Of OMV Petrom Answering question that listed on order instruction - Essay Example In this case, the integrative strategy (Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) shows how the company can improve socially and environmentally while still maintaining its competitive advantage in business. The integrative model of organizational change is based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). In planning, it provides the recent condition, and it helps the company to set up its ultimate goals. So, the company will understand its requirement to change the values, norms and rules, or, in other words, the problems. The company will also understand the need to derive and detail individual goals. It will need to start collecting data and diagnosing the goals. After understanding those elements, it will need to adjust its management to lead the company towards set goals. Thirdly is â€Å"Check†. The corporation should check and evaluate the performance of the organizational change and whether the corporation and the employees can meet the objectives. The company needs to take corrective measure if it is underperforming. Fourthly is â€Å"Act†. After a corporation gathers all of the data, it should give its reaction, and readjust the plan if it does not meet the objectives. It needs to change or come up with new plan so as to achieve the objectives. OMV is a big company. The first major issue is that there is need to implement organizational change to 20000 employees. OMV needs to make all of its employees to have strong commitment towards supporting sustainable organizational change. Secondly, it needs to reduce emission by leading the company to operate with energy efficiency. It should apply safety, security, environmental care and corporate social responsibility. It is very expensive to lead the business to operate like this. The impact of sustainability and organizational change can cause employees to have different mindsets. Their main goal is how to operate a

Industrial Process Control Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Industrial Process Control - Lab Report Example The controllers were analyzed in relation to how effective they were in ensuring optimization in the functioning of the industrial processes. The general realization is that the On-Off controllers were the least effective and were only applicable in few systems, the proportional controllers were found to introduce instability in systems, while the integral and derivative controllers were found to stabilize the amplitude and stability of industrial systems. Introduction The best way to attain control of industrial processes is to ensure that effective and efficient controllers are incorporated in the processes. One major aspect of consideration according to Patrick (2009), is to ensure that the controller is able to keep the processes within optimal working conditions and to be able to employ a corrective feedback mechanism. Competitiveness of industrial processes depends on their efficiency which ensures that a higher output is registered using a lower input. The objective of the exp eriment is to conduct an analysis on various industrial controls and techniques used in modern industries. The controller that was analyzed was an electrical air heater simulator. The experiment used a combination of PT 326 Feedback process trainer and the PCS 327 process controller. The experiment was divided into four sections where the first section consisted of a two-step closed control loop with the power button being turned on and off with respect to temperature at given values. The second experiment concerned the proportional control where the ability of the controller to maintain optimal levels with variations in measurements was observed. The third experiment involved the introduction of an external stressor to the system and then observing the response of ths sytem to the external stressor. The fourth experiment involved the application of several fundamental changes that the system might experience and observing the stability and response of the system to the changes. Lit erature Review The understanding of industrial processes has always been the key factor driving the design for instruments meant to ensure control of the processes. Technological advancements have always aimed at designing control instruments that improve the efficiencies of industrial processes with minimal supervision from technicians. According to Dunn (2009), the basis to any industrial control process lies in the instrumentation. Dunn outlines that the most common industrial processes that are usually controlled are temperature, pressure, distance, and rate of flow. Current approaches have been aimed at designing automatic controllers with the capacity of controlling simultaneously the most of the variables if not all while at the same time ensuring efficiency. Dunn defines process control as the automatic process that involves the sensing of variations in the process against a pre-set value and then providing accurate feedback to the control for effective adjustments to be mad e (2009). Therefore, a process control should incorporate mechanisms and gadgets that allow it to sense variations, provide feedback and implement corrective measures. The most basic form of a control system can be found in the On-Off control system. The system works on a simple procedure where with respect to any variations with regard to the pre-set value the system will either shut on or off. The best example is the water heater system controller. When the temperature of the heater goes above a pre-set temperature the system

How do Reality TV shows like Geordie Shore construct Reality and why Essay

How do Reality TV shows like Geordie Shore construct Reality and why is this genre so popular - Essay Example In the reality shows, so much about it is real and anyone who is watching it is able to see the real life of the person and not a real person portraying an imaginary person. The Shows are usually much cheaper for the whole crew and performers because most of the equipment used including dressing does not have to be produced by the owners of the shows (Faller, 2009). This is because mostly the housemates may use some of their own clothing and make ups, which is an advantage as it reduces the expenses. It is not so easy for many people to understand Reality shows and its names mean it is real yet there are few parts of the shows, which may portray a sense of fiction. A show such as the Geordie Shore portrays real people in real life using their real names, unlike for instance, a show such as Big Brother where the setting could be called fiction because in real life, these group of people does not normally spend their times together, and whatever happens during their times together may not have happened if it was not for the purpose of the show being aired for people to view and get entertained. However, I would not hesitate to comment on how much this show is extremely entertaining. So much of the activities in the show are attention catchers hence, this reason could score the show more marks if it was to be compared with other shows. The reality about a show such as Geordie shore is the fact that the people in it are using the real identity and leading a normal kind of life in their homes and wherever else they go, the feelings which develop between them in the process could be viewed as real among other things going on in the show. Expenses are also reduced due to the fact that the performers of the shows do not need to go and work in front of the cameras away from their home towns neither are they needed to go to holy wood for instance but all they have

New uclan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New uclan - Essay Example A wrong post or comment could trigger a negative reaction towards the company leading to economic, social and legal implications. While social networking today provides many opportunities it is advisable to understand the risks posed in order to take necessary steps to use social media responsibly (McNamara 2011, p.14). Every department needs to have a safeguard list to understand the safety aspects of social media. Before posting anything online consider what is termed acceptable and unacceptable behaviour on media terms. Every social site has a term of service that gives a clear terms and conditions, including safety tools and privacy (McNamara 2011, p.14). When engaging in publicity you need to have an understanding of your target audience. To optimize your brand’s publicity collect enough information of online audience’s behaviour. To sell online t is advisable to choose the advertisement carefully that way your target audience is clear (Kent 2008, p.21). Social sites give guidelines online on internet advertising to avoid instances such as cyber bullying, underage sexual exposure, illegal schemes and dangerous masquerades. It is wise for the organization to assign a moderator who can interact with the users and manage content online. Choosing to use sites that adhere to social networking legislations could also lead to good practice. Sites such as Bebo, MySpace and Face book stress are keen on safety use and guidelines and adhere strictly to the land’s laws. Carrying a risk assessment on data protection as advised by Kent (2008, p.24) will act as a good guide while choosing which sites to use. If the site has several administrators always ensure that the managers are clear about what is required of them when interacting with users and responding to posts. The administrators should refrain from inappropriate content, personating, racist or hate material, exploitation and glorifying of dangerous activities.

Vodafone in United Kingdom Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Vodafone in United Kingdom - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that Vodafone is currently experiencing many changes in its market (operating environment). Due to the diversity of the communication service providers the traditional boundaries of the market have greatly changed. These service providers offer, internet, mobile and broadband services. This change has been enforced and brought about by the evolution of customer needs, an intensified competition in service prices from established and the new competitors, new technologies emergence and regulatory pressures. Due to Factors like; Diversification, market penetration, product development and market development, Vodafone has undertaken the following marketing strategies. There is; Promotions, Price Cuts, Development of new products and market development by starting its new organization in new places. For effectiveness in marketing, Vodafone operates with different branches across with the world with different management. In 1998, the company made a deal with Telecom Egypt which enabled it to increase the stake in the country. After that Vodafone in Egypt was owned by Vodafone 55 % and 54 % Telecom Egypt. This made the company to increase is sales because Telecom Egypt assisted in marketing. The chart below represents the number of shares owned by Vodafone and Telecom Egypt in Egypt. Through the porter’s generic theory of the business environment, the company has identified the possible ways of achieving a competitive advantage over the competitors.

5A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

5A - Essay Example Yippy the puppy was supposed to grow up to be a great guard dog like his father, Growl, but there were two main problems with that. One, he was too noisy with his sharp little puppy ‘yip’ and two, he was way too small. Besides, he was too busy getting acquainted with all the other interesting creatures that lived around the dock warehouse where his family worked. This opening immediately establishes our main character as a friendly young male dog with a high-pitched bark that he uses often to help express his thoughts. This is such an important character trait that he is even named after it, establishing it as the most important element of his character to the outcome of the story. The listener is given the impression that this character is impetuous, friendly, vocal and relatively carefree in his personality while they receive a visual impression of a small body, possibly dark colored as most guard dogs seem to be. It also immediately establishes conflict and struggle. The puppy is a friendly creature, wishing to get to know everyone around him, while his father is a ferocious guard dog named Growl, immediately giving an impression of menace and hostility. This is what the puppy is expected to grow into. From these very early opening lines, the audience is wondering how this gregarious little puppy is supposed to grow up into the threatenin gly quiet and reserved guard dog his family expects him to be and how he will resolve these contradictions for a happy ending. While there may be other events that happen to this puppy as a result of his relentless curiosity and exuberance, these character elements will remain important in the telling of his story as they will inform his in his reactions. Old Larry crept slowly and carefully onto the largest lilypad of the pond, assuming the head bullfrog’s duty of leading the night-time chorus. He might be old,

FL (R) HB 111 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FL (R) HB 111 - Term Paper Example These policies, therefore, clearly defines the terms and conditions that must be fulfilled by the Transitional Living Facilities before they begin their operations. The policies are in place to govern the day to day running of these Transitional Living Facilities. The Magar Marylynn sponsored bill also seeks to redefine the prerequisites for the admission of individuals in the Transitional Living Facilities in an attempt to curb the spread of diseases in these facilities. #1.However, the bill has a few policies issues. This bill prohibits the admission of a patient who is at risk of infection to other patients and the facility personnel. By setting this strict prerequisite for the admission of individuals, the very detailed Florida Senate House Bill 111 somehow delays the interventions of individuals with brain and spinal cord injuries. The strict guidelines and conditions that have to be met by patients may take a lot of time to be screened and ascertained before they are eventually admitted. Some Transitional Living Facilities may lack the very sophisticated equipment to screen the individuals for admission. The legislation of this bill will also prohibit other patients with related health problems from being admitted in the transitional living facilities. #3.Brain and spinal injuries usually lead to incapacitation of an individual. In most cases, the injured fails to move the whole or some parts of the body. The causes of brain and spinal injuries are accidents, diseases and disorders. Motor vehicle accidents accounts for most spinal injuries. According to National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, as many as 40,000 people in America have suffered spinal and brain injuries. #5.Brain and spinal injuries always have severe implications. Economically, the victim may be forced to quit job, a move that terminates salary. The cost of health care for spinal and brain injury is also

Baseball economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Baseball economics - Essay Example A libertarian is one who prioritizes individual rights over the welfare of the state, one who advocates maximizing individual rights and minimizing the role of the state (AHD, 2000a). On the other hand, utilitarianism is the belief that the value of a thing or an action is determined by its utility or usefulness (AHD, 2000b). Bowie Kuhn's view is that the introduction of massive cable television broadcasts of baseball will be economically bad for the sport because it will reduce gate receipts and network television revenues, as well a make watching baseball games available to cities without the consent of anybody in baseball management. From the point of view of baseball team owners, who derive revenues from the games, Kuhn's view is libertarian and anti-utilitarian. It prioritizes the rights of the baseball team owners and those of baseball management. However, from the point of view of baseball fans, it is anti-libertarian because it prioritizes the welfare of a few over those of t he general public.

Type of Business, Purpose, Ownership and Influence Essay Example for Free

Type of Business, Purpose, Ownership and Influence Essay Describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of contrasting organisations. TESCO PLC Tesco plc. (Public limited company) is a global grocery and general merchandise retailer, headquartered in Cheshunt in the United Kingdom. Tesco is the third largest retailer in the world, measured by revenues and the second largest, measured by profit. Tesco has around 5380 stores around the world; David Reid is the chairman and Philip Clarke. Most of the people think that Tesco is an international business however; Tesco is defined as a global business because as mentioned before, it has a large number of stores in 14 countries across Asia, Europe and North America. Tesco is in the tertiary sector and is the leader grocery market leader in the UK; it has a market share of 30%. It also is the market leader in Malaysia, Republic of Ireland and Thailand. Tesco’s ownership is based in a lot of shareholders. Dagenham Park Leisure Centre Dagenham Park Leisure Centre is a public organisation, which means that is own by the government, in this case Barking Dagenham council. As we can see from the name it is located in Dagenham and it’s a local organisation and is part of the tertiary sector. The main purpose of this organisation is to offer the local community facilities such as a fitness suite, a dance studio, a meeting room, a sports hall, a climbing wall and much more facilities so people can practice different types of sports, dance and even hire rooms to organise meetings. . Describe the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of these contrasting organisations. TESCO PLC In Tesco we can identify different stakeholders such as investors/shareholders (owners), customers, employees, suppliers and financiers. Investors/shareholders are very important stakeholders in Tesco as they are the owners and will obviously want it to do well because otherwise they will not make a profit. Without investors/shar eholders there wouldn’t be any funds, so Tesco would be able to carry on as a business. Also if Tesco isn’t making profit, the investors/shareholders will have to sell their shares and invest in other business that will give them profit; with this, Tesco’s shares could decrease and if they decrease a lot, Tesco could go bankrupt and this would be bad for everyone, customers, employees, suppliers and financiers. The customers are also very important. Tesco like most businesses need their customers because they are the businesses income as the customers are the people who buy Tesco’s products. The customers are a bit like a pressure group because they apply pressure to Tesco to meet their needs. Meeting the customer’s needs can be things such as expanding their stores or giving more variety on certain products. Basically, a customer wants quality goods at a low cost. They would also want a variety of products to choose from and it is Tesco responsibility to provide them what they want otherwise if Tesco doesn’t respond to the customers’ needs in a positive way, Tesco might lose their customers and this will prejudice the business and the shareholders won’t be very happy with this. The employees are the people who Tesco pays to provide service. Tesco need to provide their employees with good working conditions, reasonable hours and treat them fairly because otherwise the employee’s will not be happy at their job which could lead to them resigning. If Tesco employees start resigning for negative reasons then word could spread that Tesco have bad working conditions and that employees of Tesco are not treated fairly meaning Tesco may find it hard to find skilled staff. Suppliers are important to Tesco because they supply Tesco with the goods to sell. The suppliers will want good money for the goods they supply to Tesco; this is the reason why suppliers will have an interest in Tesco because they will want their products to sell well. If particular products don’t sell well in the Tesco stores Tesco might decide that it is not beneficial to them to buy these items any more resulting in the suppliers not making any profits. Financers such as are important because they lend money to Tesco to make there expansion of the business possible. By expanding the stores more interest in Tesco is created. By doing this, more customers will shop there when the expansion is completed meaning Tesco will make more profits. Dagenham Park Leisure Centre The local community will have a huge impact, because if there aren’t any individuals paying for using the facilities, there won’t be any profit for the business, so they have to provide good service and quality facilities so the community will be satisfied, the other reason why the local community is mportant is because the leisure centre was aimed for them, so if they don’t make use of it, the purpose of the organisation won’t be accomplished. The employees are very important, because the management in Leisure Centre is vital. The employees will get paid to provide services of all types (laundries, dance teaching, personal trainers, managers, etc. ). They also have to be provided will good working conditions, so they will be satisfied, otherwise they will resign and it will prejudice the Leisure Centre as there won’t be anyone to provide services to the community. Barking Dagenham council is a very important stakeholder, as they are part of the government they are funding the Leisure Centre and they will want that the Leisure Centre makes good profit and provides good service for the community. If it is the other way around, the Council might reduce facilities or even close the Leisure Centre due to the costs and if it happens it will affect the community as they will lose the facilities the Leisure Centre was providing and will also affect the employees as they will lose their jobs and become unemployed . Suppliers are important to the Leisure Centre because they supply the Leisure Centre with the goods for the restaurant and not only. The suppliers will want good money for the goods they supply; this is the reason why suppliers will have an interest in Leisure Centre because they will want their products to sell well, so they can keep selling their products to the Leisure Centre. If particular products don’t sell well, Leisure Centre might decide that it is not beneficial to them to buy these items any more resulting in the suppliers not making any profits. Trade unions might have an impact of a Leisure Centre. Many employees in the public sector belong to Trade Unions, so if the Government tries to fire an employee that belongs to a Trade Union, the Trade Union might get involved and it might even go to court, this can influence that the Government keeps their employees for longer.

Gambling and Pathological Problem Essay Example for Free

Gambling and Pathological Problem Essay Prior to the case studies and research reports by known psychologist of our time, gambling is see as an act of passing away the time in a friendly atmosphere of playing for money. When gambling is becoming a habit for someone, gambling started to connote as an act that is bad, especially when the person involved in gambling bets his money allocated for the need of his family for food and rent. This connotation would only come in such cases that are already of the extreme. But basically gambling is seen then, as it is right now, as a way of diversion from the strain of necessity of daily living. This is one the reasons why governments allowed the buildings of casinos and the existence of other forms of gambling wherein people can bet and probably win huge sum of money. On the other hand, when is the time when one could say one is pathological gambler? This question has been an issue that has been asked and a subject of inquiry of many psychologists and scientists. Or is there really such a thing as a pathological gambler? When can we assume that a person is already suffering from a pathological disease called gambling? Gambling as a Pathology: History It is only during the advent of twentieth century when there rose an interest from the part of psychoanalysts on the act of gambling (Rosenthal, 2003). Starting in 1914, these scientists contributed enormous case studies, research reports, and speculative essays by which patients marked as gamblers were identified as gabling addicts. The most prominent of these psychoanalysts was Freud who displayed a particular interest in to why people would consciously seek for themselves a way to repeatedly engage in a self-destructive gambling behavior. He believed that these gamblers are not really for the money per se when they participate in a gambling game but they gamble for the sake of gambling itself, which psychologists term now as â€Å"the action. † It was Freud who labeled gambling as an addiction, forming a triad along with alcohol and illegal drugs (Freud, 2002). On a cursory look at the state by which gamblers go on with their habit, we can thus say that gamblers, one way or another, is a participant in the process by which they abuse themselves by going to casino everyday to lose huge money, which include probably money allocated for their rent and food. As the years went on, concern about gambling tended to give more focus on the gambler’s â€Å"personal attributes† rather on the economic and social consequences of the act. Those who are involved with gambling began to be considered as problem gamblers. If the gambler’s problem with his habit becomes chronic, the â€Å"problem gambler† was seen already as a â€Å"compulsive gambler†. This term â€Å"compulsive gambler† is the early term used to describe pathological gambler according to National Research Council (U. S. ). Committee on the Social and Economic Impact of Pathological Gambling (1999). Gambling Pathology: Effects The best definition concerning the problem of gambling that has reached wide acceptance in the world, particularly Australia, as mentioned by Hsu (2005): â€Å"the situation when a person’s gambling activity gives rise to harm to the individual player, and/or to his or her family, and may extend into community. † In Australia for example as reported by Productivity Commission (1999) there is an estimated 1% of the Australian population who has a severe problem with gambling. An additional 1. 1% have moderate problem; thus creating a 2. 1% of problem gamblers in the whole Australia. Basing from the definition cited above, the pathology of gambling can be widespread and creates a great impact on the individual. The personal consequences of having a problem with gambling according to Leseiur (1996 cited in Hsu, 2005) can be depression, insomnia, anxiety attacks, cardiac problem, intestinal disorders, high blood pressure, migraine and suicidal tendencies. He mentioned that the family of the problem gambler can also bear the cost of, in particular the financial burden. When the problem gambler gets into debt because of his/her unmitigated habit or addiction to gambling, this would mean less family expenditures, overdue bills, utilities being cut off, personal or family belongings being sold or repossessed, or on an extreme case the family is left homeless (Hsu, 2005). Gambling Pathology: Psychology Over the past several years there has been a collective effort to understand the psychology of problem gamblers. The focus of these case studies and researches focus on the role of negative effect, personality factors, concurrent disorders, sex differences and role of cognitions. The relationship of pathological gambling with the depressive mood state of the person is probably one of the most seen predispositions as to becoming a problem gambler. The studies in this area have produced somewhat conflicting results. The reason for his is because some of the case studies failed to find any connection with depression to gambling. Yet, at the same time, there are research reports that stated otherwise. These reports found that there is a co-occurrence of depression to the problem of gambling. At the same time, there are studies that discovered that there is a link between gambling and anxiety or obsessive-compulsiveness. This involves the psychological process of the person wherein he gives a lot of time developing gambling strategies and gaming behavior. Blaszczynski (2005 cited in Toneatto and Millar, 2004) discovered that problem gamblers get a high score significantly on measures concerning obsessive-compulsiveness. People with obsessive-compulsive behavior have excessive preoccupation with gambling-related thoughts. In the case of Frost et al. (2001 cited in Toneatto and Millar, 2004) they experimented with obsessive-compulsive factors in lottery and resulted to the confirmation of Blaszczynski (2005 cited in Toneatto and Millar, 2004) findings: that pathological gamblers display more symptoms of being obsessive-compulsiveness. Meanwhile, there is concluding evidence that there is a relationship between gambling behavior and one’s desire for excitement arousal. This psychological aspect of problem gamblers has received an equivocal empirical support according to Toneatto and Millar (2004). Nevertheless, there are still results that come up with contrary findings regarding the aspect of desire for an aroused state. The explanation to these conflicting results is that sensation seeking level of every gambler differs across gambling activities. One more thing is that since gambling is not a homogeneous activity, the desire for an arousal of sensation may be more prominent or greater in some types of gambling activities than others. Moreover, sensation seeking on the part of the gamblers may be a state rather than a trait. On the other hand, the hypothesis of there is an association between impulsivity and disordered gambling follows with natural ease from being included in the list of pathological gambling among the list of impulse disorder as stated by Toneatto and Millar (2004). There are research reports that demonstrated that pathological gamblers get higher score on indices of impulsivity as compared with research control subjects. Petry (2001 cited in Toneatto and Millar, 2004) stated that impulsivity could be conceptualized and measured as a multi-faceted construct that take into account the such behaviors as orientation to the present, decreased in the ability to delay gratification, behavioral disinhibition, too much risk and sensation seeking, proneness to boredom, and lastly poor planning abilities by the problem gambler. There are also results from other significant research reports that identify relationships between gambling pathology and mental health disorders, particularly those of substance use disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders and ADHD. Petry (2001 cited in Toneatto and Millar, 2004) discovered that subjects who have a history or background of substance abuse and had gambling problem reported increased levels of somatization, obsessive-compulsiveness, paranoia and interpersonal sensitivity. In the meantime, according to a more recent case study performed by Ladd and Perry (2003 cited in Toneatto and Millar, 2004) stated that problem gamblers with history of undergoing treatment for substance abuse has reported to be suffering from depression, hallucinations, suicidal ideation and attempts. They also have difficulty controlling violent behavior as compared with pathological gamblers who had no previous history of being treated for substance abuse. Conclusion The study on the issue of a problem gambler just started during the advent of the 20th Century and this subject has been the favorite subject of psychoanalyst. Freud (2003) labeled it as a form of addiction and part of the triad which includes alcohol and illicit drugs. This addiction would later be termed as compulsive gambling which will later on evolved into a more specific kind of behavior called pathological gambling. The are case studies that tried to explain the psychology of a pathological gambler and experts discovered that these individuals exhibit certain degree of obsessive-compulsiveness and other personality behavior. Another point that must be understood is that these person are usually seeking sensation arousal when they commit themselves to gamble. References: Freud, S. (2002). The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. Penguin Group, New York Hsu, C. (2005). Casino Industry in Asia Pacific: Development, Operation, and Impact. Haworth Press, Binghampton National Research Council (U. S. ). Committee on the Social and Economic Impact of Pathological Gambling (1999). Pathological Gambling: A Critical Review. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C. Productivity Commission (1999). Australia’s Gambling Industries. Vol. 1-3 Rosenthal, R. (2003). Dual Dianosis. Brunner-Routledge, New York Toneatto, T. and Millar, G. (2004). Assessing and Treating Problem Gambling: Empirical Status and Promising Trends. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Vol 49 (8), 417-525

Use Of Karyotype Analysis In Genetic Counseling Biology Essay

Use Of Karyotype Analysis In Genetic Counseling Biology Essay Complete set of metaphase chromosome is called karyotype. It is widely used to detect the chromosomal abnormalities that are related to the genetic diseases and various type of cancer. As the biomedical science advances, various kinds of techniques are used to analyze the human karyotype. These karyotype analysis are widely used in genetic counseling to minimize the risk of having unfortunate. By doing so, individual and families are realized to implement the genetic testing. In genetic counseling, knowledge of karyotype analysis is greatly determined the inheritable diseases including cancer. Moreover, Pedigree construction based on Mendelian principles is used in old days to know the pattern of inheritance. In recent year, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization), PCR (polymerase chain reaction), CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) arrays are developed for the promising future of human genetics. Among them FISH is the most currently diagnostic tool for the various chromosomal aberrations that can be visible in karyotype analysis. The most tested chromosomes are 13, 18, 21, 22, X and Y that account for 85% of chromosomal abnormalities (Rodrigo et al., 2010). But now, genetic scientists have been carried out the approaches towards all chromosome analysis. On the other hand, the high risk society is greatly interested to do pre pregnancy counseling to reduce the inheriting defective gene for the next generation . Therefore, use of karyotype analysis is more and more improved in genetic counseling for the screening and diagnosis as well as the treatment and prevention. Karyotyping Karyotype construction and analysis is the powerful diagnostic method to identify the chromosomal studies in human genetic. Karyotyping is usually done at the metaphase of cell cycle in which the chromosome structure is the most condensed. Therefore, it is also known as complete set of metaphase chromosome (Nie et al., 1998). There are 46 chromosomes in human (22 autosomes and sex chromosomes). Karyotype show the number of chromosomes, the sex chromosome content, the presence or absence of individual chromosomes and the nature and extent of any structural abnormalities. Karyotyping can be accessed under a microscope to examine the number and structural variants which must be size of 3 Mb or more. Only DNA sequencing can be observed smaller alterations (Klein and Tibboel, 2010). Chromosomes in human karyotype are categorized into seven depend on their bands after staining procedure. Each group is arranged into A to G defined by size and centromere position. These banding patterns help to identify specific defect regions on the chromosome. Thus, the any defect in chromosome region can be described as an accurate address. For example; 1q2.4 defines as chromosome number 1, q arm, region 2 and the banding 4 (Trask, 2002). Method For karyotype construction, the specimen can be taken from the white blood cell, skin cells, amniotic fluid cells and the chorionic villus cells. Then the cells are prepared to enter the mitosis and arrested in the stage of metaphase. Moreover, these preparations are treated with trypsin and staining to get the banding pattern. After that, video camera attached microscope directly send the images to the computer to generate the karyotypes (Yang et al., 2000). Generally, it could be used to determine if chromosome of an adult have abnormality or defect that can be passed on to a child. The origin of complex chromosomal defect is identified by using standard G-band procedures, fluorescent staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). FISH is a recent technology to detect the specific chromosome structure by using particular DNA probes. This method is more accurate and enables to see the micro-deletion and exact break point involved in each chromosome (Ligon et al., 2997). Doing the karyotype analysis is benefit in pregnant women at the age of 35 and having the history of previous child with defect. Because of the risk of chromosome abnormalities dramatically increased in advanced maternal age and if the mother is an X-linked carrier, the recurrent risk is 1 to 2%. Therefore, antenatal screening tests including karyotyping are carried out to a defined population who are at risk of having a specific condition. Different tests are done in different stages of pregnancy. Chorionic villus sampling is offered at 11-12 weeks of pregnancy, Amniocentesis is done at 16 weeks and fetal blood sampling is carried out at 18-22 weeks of pregnancy. Although these all procedures are having risk of miscarriage, they are suitable for the chromosomal and DNA analysis (Callen et al., 1988). Especially, for the detecting of trisomies in chromosome 13, 18, 21, X and Y which account for more than 85% of all fetal aneuploidies. As a benefit, if a couple with a known risk to offspring, they can choose options to avoid or plan further pregnancy. If the male partner is affected, the couple has option for artificial insemination of sperm from a donor. If the female is affected with a dominant condition or X-linked carrier, the couple has option for egg donation from another female. Moreover, the relatively new procedure is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Initially, this process requires in vitro fertilization. If the fertilization occurred, one cell is removed from the stage of blastocyst and then investigated for the chromosomal disorder. If there is no defect, it will be returned to the uterus (Fukuda et al., 2007). In the molecular genetics, DNA testing is divided into four main categories which are diagnostic testing, carrier detection, pre symptomatic testing for adult onset diseases and prenatal diagnosis. In the genetic counseling, karyotype analysis is widely used in carrier detection incase of balanced translocation carrier, autosomal dominant recessive, X-linked female carrier disorder in order to evaluate the risk of having an affected child. Furthermore, karyotyping can be used as a pre symptomatic or predictive test in some individual who are at risk of an adult onset disorder to determine whether or not they carry the mutated gene for these disorders. This test is value for autosomal dominant condition because of having a chance is 50% if one parent is affected. For example, familial adenomatous polyposis, colon cancer, Huntington disease (Bodmer et al., 1991). Chromosomal aberrations Abnormalities of the chromosomes, these are large enough to be visible under the light microscope are termed chromosomal aberrations. They are usually classified into numerical abnormalities and structural abnormalities. Numerical aberration is the disordered of chromosome due to error in separation of chromosome in cell division. Aneuploidy represents gain or loss of a specific whole chromosome due to failure of paired chromosome in meiosis. The one with extra copy of chromosome is called trisomy and the one with missing copy of that chromosome is called monosomy. These can be seen either autosome or sex chromosome. Autosomal trisomy will result in early miscarriage and monosomy of an autosomal chromosome is not compactable with life. Autosomal trisomy is associated with increased maternal age (Harper et al., 1995). Similarly, polyploidy represents a complete extra set of chromosomes due to fertilization by two sperms (dispermy) or failure in maturation divisions of either the eggs or the sperm. For examples, triploidy and tetraploidy depending on the number of extra sets of chromosomes. Triplody occurs in 2% of all conception but early spontaneous abortion is usual (Munne and Cohen, 1998). The most commonly seen autosomal aneuploidies are trisomy 21-Downs syndrome (47, XX, +21 or 47, XY, +21), trisomy 18-Edwards syndrome (47, XX, +18 or 47, XY, +18), trisomy 13-Pataus syndrome (47, XX, +13 OR 47, XY, +13). Sex chromosomal aneuploidies are Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), XYY syndrome (47, XYY), Triple X syndrome (47, XXX) and Turner syndrome (45, X). Autosomal monosomy is mostly lethal and autosomal trisomy is relatively more common (Rodrigo et al., 2010). The commonest autosomal trisomies are Downs syndrome, Patau syndrome and Edwards syndrome. The kayotype of Downs syndrome is 47, +21, an extra copy of chromosome 21. It occurs in 1 in 900 live births and leading cause of childhood mental retardation and heart defect (Wald et al., 1997). Patau syndrome is usually found at the time of doing cytogenetic analysis in malformed children. It also revealed extra chromosome at chromosome number 13 (47, +13) (Rasmussen et al., 2003). Another trisomy is the Edwards syndrome (47, +18). It accounts for a frequency of 1 in 11,000 live births (Massiah et al., 2008). Aneuploidy of the sex chromosome Aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes is more common than the autosomal aneupolidy but have less impact. Unlike the autosome, monosomy for Y chromosome is always lethal whereas monosomy for the X chromosome is a viable condition. The commonest syndromes that have ever seen in clinical setting are Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Triple X syndrome and XYY syndrome (Smith et al., 1960). Monosomy of X chromosome results in 45, X karyotype due to non-disjunction in either parent. It is estimated that 1% of all conception from which 95 to 99% of all 45, X embryos die before birth. They have significant defect in height, sexual development and fertility but there is no mental retardation (David et al., 1986). The karyotype of Klinefelter syndrome is 47, XXY. The extra X chromosome of maternal origin is 56% and paternal is 44%. It is usually arise from non-disjunction at either the first or second meiotic division (Lamb et al., 1996). For example, if the father produces XY sperm that is cross over with maternal X ovum to produce XXY. This is the single commonest cause of hypogonadism and infertility in male. Overall the birth incidence of 47, XXY is 1 in 1000 male with an increased risk at maternal age and azoospermatic infertile males (Steinberger et al., 1965). And the karyotype of super female syndrome is 47, XXX which also known as triple X syndrome. It is usually appears as clinically normal but 15- 25% are mildly mentally handicapped. About three quarter of the affected females is fertile of which one- half of their offspring would expect to have this syndrome (Michalak et al., 1983). Furthermore, another karyotype defect associated with personality disorder is 47, XYY syndrome. It is firstly noted in 1965 cytogenetic survey in male for violent and dangerous antisocial behavior and about 4.5% of the males in this survey were shown as XYY karyotype. The frequency of having this characteristic karyotype in general population is 1 in 1000 birth according to the sub sequent studies. The recurrence risk for the offspring would be 2XXY : 2XY : 1XX : 1XYY due to production of YY sperm at the second meiotic division or post-fertilization non-disjunction of the Y (Staessen et al., 2003). Structural aberration is the disordered in the structure and shape of the chromosome resulting from chromosomal breakage and error in rejoin mechanisms. Translocation is the transfer of chromosomal material between non-homologous chromosomes but there is no DNA loss. Three recognizable translocations are reciprocal, centric fusion (Robertsonian) and insertion. The one important thing in translocation is the balanced reciprocal translocation which occurs in two non-homologus chromosomes (Michael and Malcolm, 1997). In normal population, 1 in 500 are known balanced carrier and they are clinically healthy but they can give a problem when they reproduce. It is possible for the balanced translocation carrier to pass on the translocation in unbalanced form that can lead to miscarriage and physical or developmental problem (Munne et al., 2000). Deletion is the loss of a part of chromosome that can cause phenotypic effect because of the loss of gene. For a deletion to be seen in karyotype analysis, the amount of deletion must be large. It may also occur as a result of an unbalanced translocation (Barber, 2005). Although deletion of a small piece of chromosome is not a serious problem, deletion of entire chromosome is lethal. Therefore, only a few viable conditions are found in large deletion. These are the listed below; Adapted from Human Heredity Principles and Issues, seventh edition, 2006 Region of deletion Related disease 5p- Cri du chat syndrome 11q- Wilms tumour 13q- Retionblastoma 15q- (maternal uniparental disomy) Prader- Wills syndrome 15q- (paternal uniparental disomy) Angelman syndrome Cri du chat syndrome is caused by deletion in short arm of chromosome 5 and incidence is 1 in 100,000 births (Cerruti, 2001). A characteristic feature of the affected child is having a sound of cat like cry (Niebuhr, 1978). The phenotype is slightly different depend on their chromosome break point. There are two regions of break point in the short arm of chromosome 5 have been identified in this syndrome. Loss of chromosome segment in 5p15.3 results in abnormal larynx development and deletion in 5p15.2 is associated with mental retardation (Overhauser et al., 1994; Simmons et al., 1995). Prader-Willi syndrome and Angleman syndrome are caused by deletion in region 15q11-13 or by uniparental disomy (Ledbetter, 1981). If both copies of chromosome are inherited from the father, the child will have Angelman and from the mother, the child will have Prader-Willi syndrome (Horsthemke, 1996). The incidence of Prader-Willi is 1 in 10, 000 whereas Angelman is 1 in 20, 000 live birth (Clayton-Smith, 1993; Petersen et al., 1995). Characteristic feature of Prader Willi syndrome is sleepiness and Angelman is bouts of laughter (Zori et al., 1992). These cytogenetic microdeletions in the long arm of chromosome 15 can be visible by using either FISH (fluoresce in situ hybridization) or DNA analysis with probes from the deleted region (Nicholls, 1994). The others structural abnormalities include duplication, inversion and mosiacism and the rare structural variants are fragile site, heteromorphisims, isochromosome and ring chromosome. Cancer genetics Some of the cancer can be detected by karyotype analysis. The connection between chromosome rearrangement and cancer is evident in leukemia. The specific chromosome translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 is called the Philadelphia chromosome. That can be used as well defined diagnostic tool and prognostic factor. Moreover, this specific translocation is associated with other forms of cancer including Burkitts lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Chromosome translocation associated with haematological cancers Translocation site Type of cancer t(9;22) Chronic myeloid leukemia (Rajasekariah et al., 1982) t(8;14), t(8;22), t(2;8) Burkitts lymphoma (Margrath, 1990) t(8;21) acute myeloblastic leukemia (Oshimura et al., 1976) t(4;18) follicular lymphoma (Fleischman and Prigogina, 1977) t(4;18) acute lymphocytic leukemia (Oshimura et al., 1977) The proportion of leukemia with a heritable component has been estimated as 25% in monozygotic twin. Risk to sibs in childhood leukemia is 2- 4 times higher than the population incidence. The risk of a relative developing Hodgkins disease is seven fold higher than other (Kelly, 1992). Genetic counseling Genetic counseling should be offered to both parents and must give adequate time under appropriate setting. Depth of explanation should be matched to education background of the couples, outlining of clinical features, complication, natural history, prognosis and effective management (Frets et al., 1991). Simple Explanation of the genetic basic of the condition with the aids of diagram and recurrent risk calculation should be carried out (Sermon, 2002). Furthermore, genetic counselor can give the suggestion to reduce the risk of having disorder. The options are no further pregnancy, adoption, in vitro fertilization with pre implantation diagnosis, artificial insemination-AID by donor (egg donation), termination pregnancy, OR ignore and accept the risk (Zare et al., 1973). AID is performed for husband with AD trait or both are carrier for a serious AR (Taranissi, 2005). The important thing in genetic counseling must be non- judgemental and non-directive. The aim is to deliver a balanced version of the facts which will permit the consultants to reach their own decision with regard to their reproductive future. In UK, congenital disabilities act of 1976 legal action can be brought against a person whose breach of duty to parents results in a child being born disabled, abnormal or unhealthy. Prenatal diagnosis with selective termination of pregnancy became a reality in UK with the abortion ACT OF 1967 (Macintyre, 1973). AD trait is the risk to each child of an affected person is 1 in 2. Disorder has high penetrance, most dominant trait shows variable expression. AR trait for the carrier parents, the risk recurrence risk is 1 in 4 diseases, 2 in 3 chance of being carrier (Yoshikawa and Mukai, 1970). In X-linked recessive trait, if females are obligate carrier, one half of her sons will be affected and one half of her daughter will be carrier. If affected male reproduce, there will be normal sons and carrier daughters. Nowadays, biochemical tests may be available for carrier detection, but because of X inactivation few of these are absolute and this information needs to be combined with the pedigree risk using Bayes theorem (Markova et al., 1984). Conditions need for genetic counseling and investigation (Watson et al., 1992) 1. Infertility one in ten of all couples are involuntarily infertile, such a couple need chromosomal analysis to exclude a balanced structural rearrangement and Klinefelter syndrome. 2. Recurrence miscarriage one of six pregnancy ends as a spontaneous miscarriage. 3-5% of cases have a balanced structural rearrangement 3. Still birth 4. Perinatal death with multiple malformations Conclusion The benefit of karyotype analysis in high risk population provides the prevention and early management options to minimize the risk. As the genetic science development, researchers and clinician have more advanced diagnostic tool like multiplex PCR, SNP microarray, CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) to identify the far more complex chromosome abnormalities. Although karyotyping by FISH can detect both balanced and unbalanced translocation, uniparental disomy can only be detected by SNP arrays and high output sequencing. Despite the high cost, enormous benefit can be found for the society to evaluate the superior treatment protocols and genomic technologies for the future.