The Effects of Lsd Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Lsd Essay LSD was first synthesized on November 16, 1938 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. LSDs psychedelic properties were discovered 5 years later when Hofmann himself accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical. The first intentional ingestion of LSD occurred on April 19, 1943, when Hofmann ingested 250 mg of LSD. He said this would be a threshold dose based on the dosages of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated. Sandoz Laboratories introduced LSD as a psychiatric drug in 1947. Beginning in the 1950s the US Central Intelligence Agency began a research program code named Project MKULTRA. Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions, usually without the subjects knowledge. The project was revealed in the US congressional Rockefeller Commission report in 1975. In 1963 the Sandoz patents expired on LSD. Also in 1963, the US Food and Drug Administration classified LSD as an Investigational New Drug, which meant new restrictions on medical and scientific use. [ Several figures, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, and Al Hubbard, began to advocate the consumption of LSD. LSD became central to the counterculture of the 1960s. On October 24, 1968, possession of LSD was made illegal in the United States. The last FDA approved study of LSD in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993. Today, medical research is resuming around the world. Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide (INN) and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synesthesia, an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences, as well as for its key role in 1960s counterculture. It is used mainly as an entheogen, recreational drug, and as an agent in psychedelic therapy. LSD is non-addictive, is not known to cause brain damage, and has extremely low toxicity relative to dose. However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in 1938 from ergotamine, a chemical derived by Arthur Stoll from ergot, a grain fungus that typically grows on rye. The short form LSD comes from its early code name LSD-25, which is an abbreviation for the German Lysergsaure-diethylamid followed by a sequential number. LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, especially in solution, though its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is a colorless, odorless, tasteless solid. LSD is typically delivered orally, usually on a substrate such as absorbent blotter paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. In its liquid form, it can also be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection. LSD is very potent, with 20–30 Â µg (micrograms) being the threshold dose. New experiments with LSD have started in 2009 for the first time in 40 years. Introduced by Sandoz Laboratories, with trade-name Delysid, as a drug with various psychiatric uses in 1947, LSD quickly became a therapeutic agent that appeared to show great promise. In the 1950s, officials at the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) thought the drug might be applicable to mind control and chemical warfare; the agencys MKULTRA research program propagated the drug among young servicemen and students. The subsequent recreational use of the drug by youth culture in the Western world during the 1960s led to a political firestorm that resulted in its prohibition. Currently, a number of organizations—including the Beckley Foundation, MAPS, Heffter Research Institute and the Albert Hofmann Foundation—exist to fund, encourage and coordinate research into the medicinal and spiritual uses of LSD and related psychedelics. LSD can cause pupil dilation, reduced or increased appetite, and wakefulness. Other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and nonspecific, some of which may be secondary to the psychological effects of LSD. Among the reported symptoms are numbness, weakness, nausea, hypothermia or hyperthermia, elevated blood sugar, goose bumps, heart rate increase, jaw clenching, perspiration, saliva production, mucus production, sleeplessness, hyperreflexia, and tremors. Some users, including Albert Hofmann, report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects. LSD is not considered addictive by the medical community. Rapid tolerance build-up prevents regular use,[citation needed] and cross-tolerance has been demonstrated between LSD, mescaline[ and psilocybin. This tolerance diminishes after a few days after cessation of use and is probably caused by down regulation of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain. LSDs psychological effects (colloquially called a trip) vary greatly from person to person, depending on factors such as previous experiences, state of mind and environment, as well as dose strength. They also vary from one trip to another, and even as time pass during a single trip. An LSD trip can have long-term psych emotional effects; some users cite the LSD experience as causing significant changes in their personality and life perspective [citation needed]. Widely different effects emerge based on what Timothy Leary called set and setting; the set being the general mindset of the user, and the setting being the physical and social environment in which the drugs effects are experienced. Some psychological effects may include an experience of radiant colors, objects and surfaces appearing to ripple or breathe, colored patterns behind the closed eyelids (eidetic imagery), an altered sense of time (time seems to be stretching, repeating itself, changing speed or stopping), crawling geometric patterns overlaying walls and other objects, morphing objects, a sense that ones thoughts are spiraling into themselves, loss of a sense of identity or the ego (known as ego death), and other powerful psycho-physical reactions. Many users experience dissolution between themselves and the outside world. This unitive quality may play a role in the spiritual and religious aspects of LSD. The drug sometimes leads to disintegration or restructuring of the users historical personality and creates a mental state that some users report allows them to have more choice regarding the nature of their own personality. If the user is in a hostile or otherwise unsettling environment, or is not mentally prepared for the powerful distortions in perception and thought that the drug causes, effects are more likely to be unpleasant than if he or she is in a comfortable environment and has a relaxed, balanced and open mindset. LSD causes an altered sensory experience of senses, emotions, memories, time, and awareness for 6 to 14 hours, depending on dosage and tolerance. Generally beginning within thirty to ninety minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts. Changes in auditory and visual perception are typical. Visual effects include the illusion of movement of static surfaces (walls breathing), after mage-like trails of moving objects (tracers), the appearance of moving colored geometric patterns (especially with closed eyes), an intensification of colors and brightness (sparkling), new textures on objects, blurred vision, and shape suggestibility. Users commonly report that the inanimate world appears to animate in an unexplainable way; for instance, objects that are static in three dimensions can seem to be moving relative to one or more additional spatial dimensions. Many of the basic visual effects resemble the phosphine seen after applying pressure to the eye and have also been studied under the name form constants. The auditory effects of LSD may include echo-like distortions of sounds, changes in ability to discern concurrent auditory stimuli, and a general intensification of the experience of music. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as synesthesia, the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation. The potential uses of LSD end of life anxiety, alcoholism, pain, cluster headaches, spiritual, and creativity. These are the potential adverse effects: adverse drug interactions, mental disorders, and suggestibility and also psychosis.

Bottled Water Industry In India

Bottled Water Industry In India Pest analysis plays an important role in the beginning of any organization activity/processes as it go through all the functioning aspects of an individual organization and creates a strategy for the various operations. The organization environment is made from various factors ie. a)Political factors-Bottled water industry which falls under FDA.The government plays an important role as they set the rules and regulation for the organization manufacturing. The industry have to go with the rules otherwise they will get charged fine. The following factors which can cause bottled water industry to have variances in their profits or results- Changes in tax laws, account standards, tax rates and regulations Political factors for international companies as companies recently started selling their products into US, so there are restrictions in transferring capital across border, changes in government. Changes in business patterns which includes competitive product, pricings and their ability to maintain share of sales in market, how the company make necessary arrangement with its infrastructure like distribution, technology, bottlers . b)Economic factor- Last year the economy of India was not good, and now its booming but it doesnt effected the bottled water industry. The market is quiet tough and there are other water companies existing now, so industry has decided to enter US. The market in US is very competitive and highly brand conscious, so there is a heavy investment done by companies to build its brand . c)Social factor- Everyone want to stay and live a healthy life. Now people are become more conscious about their diets. This affected the alcoholic beverage industries as people are more into drinking water, coke as compared to beer and alcoholic beverages. The demand for bottled water which is very convenient in daily life .As the age goes up the generation become more serious about their health and this factor will keep the industry company always in demand and keep going. d)Technological factor- The Bottled water industry should do marketing and advertising in a proper fashion, by giving advertisement in internet and television in a stylish way. The industry is producing different shapes of bottles which is much easier to carry and can throw it into bin when its used. As the new technology introduced,the industry must use them for huge production as the companies are growing in a tremendous way and can give a quality speedy delivery service. PORTERS FIVE FORCE MODEL FOR BOTTLED WATER INDUSTRY BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS: Long Term Relationship Local Government Selection of suppliers is based on quality, equitable prices, etc BARGAINING POWER OF CONSUMERS: Global consumers Different wants, needs etc Long term relationship Look out for maximum customer satisfaction RIVALRY AMONG COMPETITORS: Intensive competition between firms for the customer loyalty, market share and reputation. Main competitors are Bisleri VS Kinley, Aquafina, International market, Pure Life, etc. POTENTIAL ENTRY OF NEW COMPETITORS: Fake Manufacturer who sounds alike. Economies of Scale Capital Investments Research Development POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS: Soda Juices Local water Tap water Beer, etc Porters five force model is basically useful for the marketers which provide a simple step for accessing and calculating the position and competitive strength of organization or company. Porters five forces for Bottled water industry- a)Bargaining power of suppliers- The suppliers are basically the input to any firm. Supply of raw materials, bottles, machinery tools to the firms. The suppliers are providing their material to other industry as well so they are not entirely dependent on water industry, so suppliers can negotiate and possibly a pressure on industry profitability. b)Bargaining power of consumers- The consumers are very knowledgeable and brand conscious. These two factor can lead consumers to be highly price conscious and look for quality products can effect the profitability. c)Rivalry among competitors- Like every other industry, bottled water industry also got some competitors in the market .The major problem is product differentiation, the quality, pricing which can effect the industry d) Entry of new competitors- Entry into the market like small firms can quickly enter into the market by sub contraction their manufacturing activities, secondly new suppliers ,new rates so the industry should be updated with all new technologies and with existing or upcoming competitors, because the new entries can weaken the position and decrease profitability e)Development of substitute product- Bottled water industry-water which is easily available anywhere in malls, stations etc. can have a threat by its substitutes like soda, coke, juices in future. Company introduction- Bisleri Ltd., a company of Italian origin, first introduced under the name Bisleri in Mumbai, India in glass bottles in two varieties bubbly still in 1965. Signor Felice Bisleri who first brought the idea of selling bottled water in India started this company. Parle bought over Bisleri (India) Ltd. In 1969 started bottling Mineral water in glass bottles under the brand name Bisleri. Later Parle switched over to PVC non-returnable bottles finally advanced to PET containers. Since 1995 Bisleri has started expanding operations substantially and the turn over has multiplied more than 20 times over a period of 10 years and the average growth rate has been around 40% over this period. Presently Bisleri has 8 plants 11 franchisees all over India. They have their presence covering the entire span of India. In their future ventures they look to put up four more plants in 2008-2009. They command a 60% market share of the organized market. . It is their commitment to offer every Indian pure clean drinking water. Bisleri Water is put through multiple stages of purification, ozonised finally packed for consumption. . Rigorous RD stringent quality controls has made them a market leader in the bottled water segment. Strict hygiene conditions are maintained in all plants. . ProductPackaging: Bisleri is available in a range of sizes. At the same time Bisleri is promoted by an aggressive print-and-TV backed by hoardings and point-of-sale material. Every interface with the consumer is being used as an opportunity to reinforce the message. In 1998, the branded mineral water market had grown to a 424 million litre business, valued at Rs 4 billion2. There were 200 brands available in the country. In their bid to garner greater market share, many companies, including Parle Bisleri tried to make quality and the purification processes they used their unique selling proposition (USP).In 2000, the branded water market had grown to Rs 7 billion. New players like Pepsis Aquafina, Coca-Colas Kinley and Nestles Pure Life entered the market, which gave bisleri a tough compition. The market was segmented into premium, popular and bulk segments (Refer Table below for the price range in different segments). The premium segment was the least crowded with just four brands: French transnational-Danones Evian and Ferrarelle and Nestles Perrier and San Pellagrino. The popular segment was where most of the action was. Bisleri, Bailley, Aquafina, and Kinley were some of the dominant brands in this segment. In the bulk segment (5, 12 20 lit res), bisleri was a major player with Kinley and Aquafina staying out of this segment. The main objective of segmentation is to increase your sales (i.e. strengthen your position in the market) and increase your profits( Dennis J. Cahill, 1997). It has also has some pros and corns which are discussed as bellow: Advantages: Identify new product opportunities. It helps one to identify the needs of different market segments and developing products to satisfy those needs. Develop more efficient methods of promoting existing products by enabling you to: Identify new or highly profitable markets or new channels of distribution. Target a particular market segment more efficiently than spreading limited resources over a wide area. Maintain sales but reduce expenditure on promotion and advertising. Business based on too narrow a market is vulnerable to market decline and/or competition (from new entrants or imports)( Tony Conway, Jonathan S. 2000). Indeed, in addition to advantages, there are distinct disadvantages in segmentation. These are; Disadvantages: Generally there is an increase in costs with segmentation stemming from increased; Market research the need to better understand the needs of the various market segments. Research and development the need to produce different products for the different market segments. Production costs-the need for different products for different market segments. Administrative costs-the need for separate marketing plans for the different segments. Inventory costs-the need for additional stock to cover variations in demand plus additional stock holding and control systems. Distribution costs-the need for different distribution channels for different market segments. By 2002, the mineral water market was worth Rs 10 billion and was growing at the rate of 40% a year. Kinley and Aquafina made inroads into the market and by March 2002, Kinley had a 10% market share, Aquafina had 4% and the share of Bisleri had come down to 51%. By June 2001, Bisleris market share was 47% and Aquafina and Kinley together accounted for over a third of the market. Bisleri reportedly wanted to focus on the bulk segment because Pepsi and Coca-Cola seemed to be strong in the retail segment and would take some time to strengthen their presence in the bulk segment. To strengthen its presence in the bulk segment, Bisleri was investing heavily on marketing and distribution.. The Break Away Seal The New Product Keeping in mind the consumers need to recognize a genuine product that cannot be tampered with, Bisleri developed the break away seal. The unique cap has been patented and cannot be duplicated or tampered with. This technology development in the product ensures that the consumer will only get a highly safe product when they consume Bisleri packaged drinking water Bisleri by its breakaway seal as an assurance of purity . SWOT Analysis- Definition: SWOT is an abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. SWOT analysis is an important tool for auditing the overall strategic position of a business and its environment( Nigel Piercy, William Giles, 1989) The Key Distinction Internal and External Issues Strengths and weaknesses are Internal factors. For example, a strength could be your specialist marketing expertise, Lawrence P. Ettkin, Marilyn M. Helms, Michael S. Anderson, 2006. STRENGTHS: Value for Money Strong PR Innovation Cheapest Deal Quality Low Price Convenient to get Comprehensive nation wide coverage of the market urban, semi-urban and rural areas. They have quite a number of brands, covering all segments and filling all gaps. Brand name. Pure and Safe. Unlike its competitors who concentrate only in urban areas, Bisleri is found everywhere. It has a countrywide distribution. A huge network of dealers spread all over the country. Global Expansion: Danone also attempted to boost its position in India by purchasing a stake in Parle Bisleri, Indias largest bottled water company, which is in the process of restructuring its manufacturing and distribution arms and tripling its bottling capacity with an eye towards selling precisely 49% of itself to a foreign investor, quite possibly Danone. Product Development. Global Company. Strong RD Strong Advertising. Top Leading Water Supplier in India 40% Market Share. Packaging. The brand has some 18 manufacturing locations spread across the country. Online Sale and Marketing. WEAKNESS: A weakness could be the lack of a new product. No clear target audience. Easy to duplicate. In the packaged drinking water business, Kinley has recorded 32.7 per cent share, against Bisleris share of 35.8 per cent. New entry in market Opportunities and threats are external factors. For example, an opportunity could be a developing distribution channel such as the Internet, or changing consumer lifestyles that potentially increase demand for a companys products.( Lawrence P. Ettkin, Marilyn M. Helms, Michael S. Anderson, 2006) OPPORTUNITIES: Global Expansion. Consumer Behavior. Divisions of customers into different segments Increasing the sales by online marketing/expansion of their offices. THREATS: A threat could be a new competitor in an important existing market or a technological change that makes existing products potentially obsolete. New entry in market. Growing International market. Other existing companies. Local Companies. TOWS MATRIX- Internal factors strength weaknesses External factors a)Comprehensive nation wide coverage of the market urban, semi-urban and rural areas. They have quite a number of brands, covering all segments and filling all gaps. b)Brand name. c)Strong PR. d)Low Price. e)Global Company. f)Top Leading Water g)Supplier in India. h)40% market share. a)No clear target audience. b)Easy to duplicate. c)In the packaged drinking water business, Kinley has recorded 32.7 per cent share, against Bisleris share of 35.8 per cent. d)New entry in market . Opportunities SO Strategies WO Strategies a)Global Expansion. b)Consumer Behavior. c)Division of customers into different segments d)Increasing the sales by online marketing/expansion of their offices a)By using strong financial position the company can expand their offices in various regions and divide the customers in to different segments to know the consumer behavior. b)By using proper public relation, marketing tools it can expand the business globally a)As the market is very huge and there are chances of new entries/competitors, company can expand their offices and can do more brand awareness throughout and provide a good customer satisfaction. Threats ST Strategies WT Strategies a)New entry in market. b)Growing International market. c)Other existing companies. d)Local Companies. By using proper way of brand awarenesss. By keeping a proper track of the product and quality with customers demand helps company to make themselves differ from their competitors. By keeping a proper record of the sales network through different offices can helps company in strong distribution and to compete their competitors Strategic clock- To stay competitive in this heavy market place can only be achieved by getting customers and offering better service.Bisleri is adopting a low strategy as they are delivering best brand of the country in cheap rates.Even though there are many other companies offering same product in competitive rates,but due to companies long time stability and with a good marketing customer are attached and definitely Bisleri can stay longer in this sector. KTDC By considering the strategic clock the Bisleri should do more concentration towards its marketing strategies and product developments interms of quality,service,delivery can provide a better outlook for company compared to competitors. Stakeholders impact on company- The cooperation between the stakeholder and the company gives a success result as it is very important to analyze the stakeholders success criteria and then turning them into a goals. The stakeholder can be a person or an organization which cam impact negatively or positively- Government Environment Shareholders Management Customers Employees Local community Among all these important stakeholders shareholders, employees, management, customers plays a prominent role in success of company. The Bisleri company is spread all over across the country so as per the stakeholders there are some positive and negative impacts which are as follows- a) Rapid growth in the population can lead to increased requirements for drinking water. b) Main challenge of competition has to be tackled by price cutting. Taking the fact into consideration that the companys rivalries have a better competitive advantage in terms of price Bisleri can gain a better edge in the market coming down by price. c) New design and range has to be introduced by the company because the investment in design can make the product attractive . Bisleri should invest more in store expansions and in increasing the number of stores worldwide. d) From this report it is clear that over the years Bisleri has created an image in all over country. This feeling among the people has to be clarified by proper campaigns and advertisements regarding other competitors. e)As new offices will definitely create vacancies for employees. The employees must selected from the local area ,so that they can speak about their product and create more brand awareness. Future Strategies in Bisleri company- Bisleri company is now spreaded all over the country(India) by its strong marketing and financial background and also working out in go internationally. The company is trying to expand its sales to US. In future the company must adopt an stretch strategy to build a good brand and remain core competitive among competitors. By adopting stretch strategy, company can maintain their stakeholders for long term and can grow globally very fast by maintaining compatible culture and strategies. The company will definitely get new leaders, new entrants ,new ideas to expand their business and will definitely be a wow factor in future. Conclusion- Overall to conclude, bisleri has a good market hold in the domestic or Indian market as compare to its competitors which has been described in the theory as above. Bisleri has already cracked the niche market and has taken over a good percentage of water market in todays date but along with that the prices have also hiked up and with growing technological development and to be in business, bisleri still has a long way to go and to come up with new products to stay in the market at the same position. The global bottled water industry is in a very powerful position, but is also under increased scrutiny and criticism

Advantages and Disadvantages of Government Intervention

Advantages and Disadvantages of Government Intervention Government intervention is one of the hottest topics to the economists. Some of economists say government intervention can recover market failure and prevent worse situation from neglect. On the other hand, there are some arguments that government intervention can reduce the efficiency of market. Both of ideas can make sense. Government intervention can improves the operation of market but it is not always applicable. Now, we will focus both positive side and negative side of government intervention. There are so lots examples about this topic and we will discuss about it. First of all, the government needs to intervene to the market for fair distribution of wealth. If the society is unstable because of distribution of wealth, it affects negative effects like strike, unemployment and even crimes. It does not give good market environment to everyone. However, government can manage this situation by intervention such as policies. We can focus on two items for this topic, â€Å"Education† and â€Å"Healthcare†. Education has big relationship with job opportunity and income. Let’s look at the below table which is reported by the Infoplease (2013). Median Annual Income, by Level of Education, 2000–2010 (U.S) â€Å"quotation† (Infoplease, 2013) NOTE: Year-round, full-time workers 25 years and older. (—) = not available. (U.S Dollar) This table shows us the average of annual income is quite different between the people who received low level of education and high level of education. U.S is a typical country of using free economic system. If some universities hope to raise their tuition fee to get higher income and to reinvest their universities, they can do it. However, the economical weak cannot apply the universities because of the high cost. If there is no any policy to solve the problem, the problem would be worse. The people who have enough money can send their children to the expensive elite private universities, but poor people even cannot give chance to apply the universities because of the cost. Since 1965, U.S government expands student loan policy for the student. They suggest loan with less interest or give scholarship to the students who is applicable their requirements. Even the policy still has some criticisms like low refund rate; lots of U.S students have used this policy to help graduating their universities. We can focus on South Korean Medicare policy as an example of government intervention for fair healthcare from their National Health Insurance System. According to NHIS (2013), Korean Medicare insurance law was established in 1963 to give health benefits to national people. There are two types of medical insurance in Korea. One is employee health insurance and the other is community insurance. Employee health insurance (workplace insurance) can apply to the family of employee. It means if one man is hired in a company, then the rest of his family is applicable for the medical insurance benefits. In addition, the amount of insurance fee is divided by half for the employee and the company. So it does not have big financial burden to household. For the people who does not have job, they can receive medical insurance benefits from community insurance. The autonomous communities search the people who do not register occupation and register them to community medical insurance automatically . The entire insurance fee is set by the amount of property and income, so upscale pays more and downscale pays less. With medical insurance, patients bear only 30% of hospital expenses. Hospitals register the medical records and receive the rest of 70% from government. Korean government charge medical insurance tax to cover the receiving money to hospitals and medical institutions. So all of Korean people get medical benefits from most of basic illness and we can use this example as a government intervention for equitable distribution of healthcare. From the two examples of Korea and U.S, we can know how government intervenes for equitable distribution of income and wealth. It will gives good effects to the market such as good market environments. General Motors is the biggest automobile maker in the USA which is located in Detroit, Michigan. General Motors was called â€Å"Big three† with Ford motors and Chrysler in automotive industry. Moreover, it was also the company which symbolizes U.S capitalism. However it went bankrupt because of automobile recession in 2008. In 2008, U.S economy has stalled due to financial crisis that occurred because of the subprime loan problem and Lehman Brothers. So G.M’s financial health has been tense. The financial results for the year ended December 31, 2008; it reported a net loss of 30.8 billion and 60 million dollars (U.S). G.M received emergency loans of $ 13.4 billion from the U.S. government in the end of 2008. However the funding did not turn around and received additional support many times. In 2009, Saab, Swedish Car Company which was affiliated by G.M also went bankrupt. Debt reduction negotiations with creditors were not settled until the due date May 2009. In June 1, G.M applied article 11 of federal bankruptcy law and went bankrupt. Total debt was $ 172.8 billion and asset size was $ 82.2 billion. However, November 18, 2010, G.M was re-listed on the New York Stock Exchange. G.M has returned to the stock market after about a year and a half from bankruptcy. Collapse of GM’s scale was the largest ever in the manufacturing sector. U.S. and Canada both governments have carried out additional support a total of $ 39.6 billion. U.S government acquired the shares of 60%, government of Canada acquired the shares of 12%.And G.M was nationalized by U.S government. In 2013, December 9, the U.S government sold all shares acquired as collateral for government funding in order to bail out G.M, because the reconstruction was on track. Loss of about $ 10.5 billion was generated by selling of stock the U.S. government bought to help G.M. From this example, we can see the intervention which U.S government made was effective and improved failed market. If U.S government did not intervene to automotive industry and let G.M bankrupted, all the small business which is related with G.M should bankrupted together with G.M and 2.63 million people lost their jobs. Even though we cannot get the final result of U.S government’s intervention to G.M yet, we can think it was proper intervention currently because we can imagine the situation G.M and Lehman Brothers together. However, the government intervention has not only good effects but also negative effects against a market. We can use Japanese government intervention as an example. After World war à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡, all Japanese people worked very hard, and Japanà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬achieved a rapid economic growth. However, after the economic growth calledà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Japanese miracle,† Japanese economic fell into a great depression called â€Å"Lost decade† during 1991-2001. Usually, â€Å"Lost decade† represents the period in which Japan’s consumption, employment rate and the rate of economic growth were very low. The Japanese government influenced much to the great depression for following reasons. The first reason is a lot of bad loan owed by banks. According to Yukio Nakazawa, the Japanese government used to use regulated interest rate for determining the interest rate in bank. However, the Japanese government conducted financial deregulation due to a growth of information technology and deregulation of international flow of capital. As a result, many Japanese banks faced severe competitions and started to treat high risked real-estate lending to make profits. Fortunately, the prices of land were increased year by year and it would be a bubble situation. In addition, many Japanese people bought many lands to make profits using incredible rise of lands’ price and it accelerated bubble economy, but the bubble economy collapsed suddenly. In 1989, Nikkei Stock Average reached peak and dropped rapidly. Similarly, the price of land fell terribly and loan on real estate became insolvent; therefore, many Japanese banks had the non-profit loans problems and got a bad financial condition. What is worse, some banks became bankrupt and a rate of unemployment was increased. According to a department of economic in Kansai Gakuin University, the rate of unemployment reached high point 5.9% after collapsing bubble economy. From the evidence, it is apparent that failure of government’s intervention affected Japan’s economy seriously.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬The second reason is zero-interest-rate policy. The Japanese government adopted zero-interest-rate policy to enhance capital investment and reduce companies going bankrupt. Actually, Japanese companies invested much money to build plants. On the other hand, they could not make profits even though they invested much money. Consequently, they could not pay loan back to the banks, and worker hired with enhancing their capital became an excessive. Those factors caused a negative spiral. Moreover, as John Maynard Keynes stated that when zero- interest policy is adopted, the effects will be meaningless because of â€Å"Liquidity trap† that is a situation in which the rate of interest is so low that no one wants to hold interest-bearing assets and people only want to hold cash( Dictionary of Economics). As a result, zero-interest-rate policyà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬did n ot work properly and Japanese economy would be a worse situation. The third reason is increase of consumption tax. In 1997, Ryutaro Hashimoto, Japan’s former prime minister, increased consumption tax from 3% to 5% to reduce government spending. However, it made Japanese people use less money and it worsened the depression. From the rate of 1995, Japan’s economy became to recover gradually because financial policy and disposal of bad loans were successfully committed, and Japan’s economic growth rate exceeded 3%. However, the Japanese government increased consumption on the occasion of recovery, and it discouraged the recovery of Japan’s economy and made the depression continued longer. à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ In conclusion, government intervention can improves the operation of market but it is not always applicable. To prove this opinion, we investigated about positive and negative examples. From the case of student loan policy in U.S and Medical insurance system in Korea, we investigated about the reason why government intervenes for equitable distribution of wealth and how the both government use the policy for the people. We also looked into G.M in U.S as an example and we figure out how government intervenes to the market when the market fails and the positive effects from the government intervention. We also focus on the Japanese â€Å"lost decade† as a failed government intervention and the result of wrong interest rate policy. Base on the examples that we used, we can see that government intervention can improve the operation of market but it is not always applicable. Some policies can improve the market and give lots of benefits to people, but the other policies can aggrava te the operation of market and make people unfortunately. So it depends on the kind of policy that government intervenes and how to control it. In addition, it is one of the most important reasons why people learn the economics and theories.

Holden Caulfied in The Catcher in the Rye :: Essays Papers

Holden Caulfied Which Character Gives Us Who He Is Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D. Salinger?s The Catcher in the Rye, is very complex, mentally and emotionally. The readers of the novel would not be able to understand Holden as much as they do, if it was not for Holden?s deceased younger brother Allie. Although Allie is never actually met in the novel, Holden?s discussions about him and his ?conversations? with him help us understand Holden better. It may seem strange that a dead character would shed so much light on a living one, but Holden had a strong bond with Allie, one that he refuses to give up. Our first introduction to Allie is early in the book when Holden is writing a paper for his roommate Stradlater. Holden writes about his brother?s baseball mitt, a very personal object that sheds light on how much Holden loved Allie. Writing this composition provokes him to say, ?It wasn?t just that he was the most intelligent member of the family. He was also the nicest, in a lot of ways.? It becomes very clear right away that Holden loved and respected Allie, and was very sad that he was gone. As previously stated, Holden had a bond with Allie that he refuses to give up. The night after he died, Holden punched out all of the windows in the garage and even broke his hand. The signs don?t stop there, though. After Holden ordered a prostitute in New York and decided he didn?t want her services, he was feeling rather depressed. He said, ?I felt so depressed you can?t imagine. What I did, I started talking, sort of out loud, to Allie. I do that sometimes when I get very depressed.? Th is is the first major indication that Holden has rather severe emotional problems. Holden inability to give up his relationship with his brother is very interesting. One of the main reasons that Holden liked Allie so much was because of his innocence and his purity. Since Allie died at a young age, he died with innocence and he will be forever innocent. Holden never wanted Allie to change. We know this because he said, ?Certain things they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone.? Allie innocence and Holden?

Tennessee Williams: Author and Playwright :: Biography Biographies Essays

Tennessee Williams: Author and Playwright      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas Lanier Williams was born on March 26th, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. Williams wrote fiction and motion picture screenplays but is primarily acclaimed for his plays. Thomas was the first son and second child of Cornelius Coffin and Edwina Dakin Williams. He was named after his paternal grandfather and insisted to be called Tom by the age of ten. His siblings include an older sister named Rose and a younger brother named Dakin. Williams spent a great deal of time with his sister Rose because she was not very stable, emotionally or mentally. Daryl E. Haley once said that Rose "was emotionally disturbed and destined to spend most of her life in mental institutions." Tom was primarily raised by his mother because his father was a traveling shoe salesman. Edwina Dakin Williams was the daughter of a minister and very over protective of Thomas. She began to be over protective after he caught Diphtheria when he was five years old. His mother was also an a ggressive woman caught up in her fantasies of genteel southern living. Amanda Wingfield, a character in his play The Glass Menagerie, was modeled after Williams' mother. Cornelius Coffin Williams, Tom's father, spent most of his time on the road. Cornelius came from a very prestigious family that included Mississippi's very first governor and senator. Mr. Haley also states that Tom's father was "at turns distant and abusive," that is, when he was actually around. Toms father also repeatedly favored his younger brother Dakin over both of his older children. Big Daddy, in Tom's play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, is modeled after his father. Thomas once said, in reference to his parents relationship, "It was just a wrong marriage." From 1923 to 1926 Thomas attended Ben Blewette Junior High, and was at this time that some of his first stories were published in a local newspaper.    Thomas Williams lived in Clarksdale, Mississippi for several years before moving to St. Louis in 1918 at the age of seven. At age sixteen Tom had his first brush with the publishing world when he won third place for his essay "Can a Good Wife Be a Good Sport?". Besides winning third place, he also got five dollars from this National Essay Contest. In 1927, also at age sixteen, he published "The Vengeance of Nitocris." In the fall of 1929 he attended the University of Missouri to study journalism.

The Backgrounds of Thami and Mr. M

As a young individual, Thiamin was not able to see how his education was so structured and influenced by the government. However, as time progresses, Thiamin cannot appreciate the education, for the people that control what is taught in the schools also force him to live through the horrendous conditions of apartheid. He admits that his education is a political reality in his life. At the end of the novel, Thiamin is faced with a very difficult decision. He ultimately decides to escape the nation because he knows he cannot join the mob and the violence of the people that killed Mr.. M. Thiamin wants change in SouthAfrica. He realizes that the best way to accomplish this goal is to start over in a new place. Standing around in the same township accomplishes nothing, and Thiamin realizes this is not the proper method to bringing about change. Mr.. M has suppressed Thiamin in a tiny environment for all these years, and he finally feels the need to break out and let his voice be heard. M r.. M grew up in a time where apartheid was not present. He had basic freedoms and he was not treated so harshly as the colored are treated in the apartheid period. Mr.. M turns a blind eye to the problems that are present in South Africa.He still believes that modern day South Africa is the same as it was many years ago. It is hard for Mr.. M to fathom the struggle of the colored people in South Africa because everything was integrated when he was a child. This makes it very difficult for Mr.. M, for over a short period of time he was stripped of his basic freedoms. Mr.. M believes that true change lies in the hands of the children, for they are the ones that have a future possibility of sparking change in society. Contrary to Team's belief that education is a politically based system, Mr.. M sees education as a chance to transform his dents into fighters.He wants to give his students inspiration and motive to rebel and question the system of apartheid. Mr.. M also favors education because he is lonely and depressed. Mr.. M deeply values the relationships that he creates with Isabel and Thiamin. It does not seem as if Mr.. M has a significant other in his life. It is strange that he holds such a personal bond with Isabel and Thiamin, and he continues to push them to be active members Of the team so he can spend time with them. He turns Thiamin into the authorities in hopes that it will cause him to return to school.

Nirala Supply Chain Management

Table of Contents Introduction3 Vision3 Core Values3 Departments4 Products4 Target market4 Major Competitors in Pakistan5 Supply chain management5 Supply chain Process of Nirala5 Inbound Logistics7 Operations7 Out bound logistics8 Costs8 Price Strategy9 Promotions9 Efficiency Vs Responsiveness9 Chase strategy9 Time flexibility from workforce10 Consumer’s data base10 Corporate events10 Future plans11 Recommendations11 Introduction Over half a century ago, the foundation of Nirala was laid in Lahore, Pakistan, with the commitment to provide people with delectable quality delights.The great journey started when Taj Din migrated from Amritsar, India, to Lahore and started a small breakfast shop in the inner city of Lahore in 1948. Over the years, his family has embraced the timeless traditional values of good taste and unmatched quality, by bringing fresh mouth watering to the customers. Anmol Company holds the exclusive franchise rights in Pakistan for Nirala Sweets & food produc ts. Anmol Company is responsible for manufacturing, distributing and selling Nirala Sweets, which is undoubtedly the leading brand in the Mithai market in Pakistan. OnJanuary 1999, Nirala opened its 1st outlet outside Lahore making an instant success. Now Nirala is also makes dairy products in addition to sweets, namkeenz & running a restaurant. Nirala today has37 Branches in Pakistan with Presence in 9 Cities Including, Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Peshawar, Faisalabad, Sialkot & Gujranwala. Nirala has Presence in 4 Regions of the World including Sharjah, Dubai, Canada, USA and Europe. Vision The vision is to make Nirala a global brand, a brand recognizable for its uniqueness and quality in ethnic food market all around the world.In this perspective it consider itself as an innovative and a pioneer company, continuously offering unique products and interesting service concepts that others haven’t even dreamt of. Core Values The core values of the organizat ion which they consider the Spirit of Nirala have not changed over the past half century. Those values and traditions which have made the brand Nirala a market leader for the past 60 years are: * Continuous Improvement * Innovation * Integrity * Team work and * Social Responsibility Departments * Administration * Finance & Accounts * Human Resource *    Marketing *    Milk Procurement    MIS *    Production *    Quality Assurance * Retail Store *    Shop Operations *    Store & Procurement *    Supply & Distribution * VAS (Value added services ) Products * Mithai * Snakes * Dairy * Beverages Target market The target market of Nirala is the upper and corporate class. Major Competitors in Pakistan Nirala do not consider any one a direct competitor though indirectly it has many competitors . Some of them (area wise)are given below. Lahore * Gourmet * Fazal sweets * Rafique sweets * Butt sweets Islamabad-Rawal pindi * Jameel Sweets * Fresco Sweets Karachi * Qasr-e-shahee n Supply chain managementThe Nirala ensures timely and effective distribution of the products to chain of Nirala sweets stores spread all across Pakistan. From Transportation to obtaining route permits and approvals, is done by this department. Supply chain Process of Nirala Firstly the production department of Nirala receives projections from the sales department for example what products should be produced, how much quantity needs to be produced, what are the products that need more production than the rest etc. Sales Manager is responsible to deliver all these information and projections about the total quantity need to be produced.Production department then make the products accordingly which results in two products semi finished products and finished or ready to dispatch products by having a special check from the production manager who ensures the right amount of ingredients, quality and recipes that should be followed in the making of those products. Processing facilities are de centralised and located in Lahore, Karachi and one in Dubai. Production manager also ensures that the production should be done on the required time and by the required quantity in order to give high quality products to the customers.Semi finished goods are transferred to the stores of Nirala whereas the finished products directly go to the Pre- supply department . Stores are the central place for raw materials, finished as well as semi finished products . Nirala is currently using the facility of cold stores as well as blast freezers for storage purposes which help in increasing the life of the products. These stores are responsible to check the availability of the raw materials received from the procurement department which is the most important department of Nirala sweets .This department make raw materials available to the stores for the production of sweets as well as packaging of the finished products. The finished products that were transferred to the pre- supply departme nt are then molded into different shapes, sizes and cuts. Pre- supply department is the only department at Nirala which lacks a manager, instead of the manager they have a supervisor for this department which supervise all the activities of the labor and makes sure that everything is done according to the standards or not.After wrapping and final packaging of those products by the pre-supply department, they are transferred finally to the Supply department with the help of carriers e. g. trucks and vans (Shahzor, Mazda, and Suzuki pickup) owned by the company which delivers the final products to different branches of Nirala. They use voucher system for this process, vouchers are send with the products to outstation branches of Nirala located in Lahore ,Islamabad and Peshawar in order to make sure that the right amount is transferred to its designation .Branches after receiving the products and making sure that everything is received on the right date and by the right amount then dis patch the record of that receiving to the supply department at 7. am before the opening of the branch which is 8. am . This whole process is done on daily basis. Branches check the dispatch products through ERP (Enterprise resource planning). Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate internal and external management information across an entire organization, embracing finance, manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc.ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application . The purpose of ERP is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside sources. But if there is a mismatch between the products and the vouchers i-e received products is less than the required amount then every department especially the supply department has to recheck all the process in order to identify the fault. From these branches customer can buy wh atever he wants to buy from the range of products made by the company.Consumer is concerned with the final product, he is not aware of the whole process from where the product has been passed so it’s also very important to check the quality of the final product before the sale of the products as well. Inbound Logistics Pure desi ghee, High quality dry fruit, Milk Operations * More than 20% mithai production is carried out at automated plants. * Snacks are made on modern machines where as in the production of mithai no such technology is used. Nirala prefer to made mithai with the traditional way.The only technology used in the preparation is the rods that are used to check the consistency of the sugar syrup. * Quality is assured by the Quality Assurance Department which uses two ways to test the quality of products being produced. Firstly they use Sensory Evaluation to test quality. Sensory evaluation involves calling experts to test the mithai (sweets) by eating it and then telling whether it is upto standards or not. Secondly various lab tests are carried out to make sure that high quality raw materials are used in making of products. * Nirala also introduced Nirala Doodh in 2005.Since milk is an integral ingredient when it comes to sweets and mithai, therefore it decided to open its own Ultra high temperature milk plant. Therefore in 2006 with lot of investments and hard work, Nirala was able to establish its first UHT Milk Plant. The capacity of the plant was that it could produce up to 200, 000 liters/day. This was the biggest milk plant ever constructed. UHT plant required significant investments therefore when the time came to launch its product that was Nirala Doodh, they were left with very little resources, as a result their this product failed drastically.Nirala didn’t have enough resources to market the product therefore faced lot of constraints as far as the marketing budgets were concerned. Furthermore, due to very little advertisin g consumers had less brand awareness, it also resulted in increased losses as budgets for the branches were ignored at the same time. Out bound logistics N-Design is a packaging Co. working under the umbrella of Nirala which is offering 80 different types of packaging. It includes traditional paper and card boards, tin, wood, glass and handmade paper. Customize packaging is a speciality of Nirala sweets. CostsSince Nirala is a labor intensive company and prefer to make the sweets in the traditional way so the major costs incurred by the company are the labor cost and cost of raw materials. Nirala once imported machines from Germany for this purpose but it failed in making those products so less use of technology helps the company in saving cost. Nirala spend a very little money on the maintenance of outlets that is the reason the condition of outlets of the competitors is far better than those of Nirala because the focus of the company is on the product rather than these things Pric e StrategyNirala Sweets is slightly high than its competitors in price due to quality material used for its production and help Nirala in saving the cost . this is also because of target market that Nirala targets which is the corporate and upper class. Nirala also accepts credit payments by its customers on purchase of RS 200 worth mithai. Promotions Though the marketing department is present if Nirala but it’s not doing anything for the promotion of the company. Marketing activities of Nirala is very limited due to lack of funds.Also due to unforeseen incident that occurred in 2006, led people to boycott Nirala’s products. The death of the two year old and controversial case of Faisal Farooq resulted in huge losses for the company. This news was misreported on various internet websites and blogs and resulted in a bad image of the company for some time period. Also Nirala accepts online orders from its international customers and they are the only ones who are offerin g online orders. Efficiency Vs ResponsivenessEvery company wants to save the cost ,same is the case with Nirala, every department tries to save the cost at each step to the maximum but if the question is to make a choice between the two then Nirala definitely chooses the option of responsiveness because if they will incur any extra cost in order to fulfill the demand of customers and to be responsive in terms of supply then they will be more than happy to accept that cost because they are increasing the customer satisfaction and gaining customers loyalty. Chase strategyThere is no scientific rule to forecast the demand in this industry so in order to predict future demand Nirala uses the chase strategy in which the production rate is synchronized with the demand rate because at the end of the day they are just sweets so the demand fluctuations are not very intense which means that the demand for these products can easily be predicted for example the demand of the products increases in the Wedding season (Oct-March), Eid-ul-fiter, Eid-ul-Azha and other occasions like that and decreases in the month of Moharram.For this reason they do not have any separate department for forecasting. Time flexibility from workforce Nirala also use the strategy of time flexibility from workforce by offering them flexible timing in the low demand period and overtime in the peak demand period to fulfil the demand of customers. Consumer’s data base Nirala sweets do not feel the need of making database of consumers especially on daily basis. They make profile of only those customers that complain about their products or have any bad experience with the company and of their corporate customers. Corporate eventsAn extensive list of corporate clients place customized orders to make their corporate events more exclusive. A wide range of Mithai and customized branded boxes are available to the valued clients at all times. The creative team is always there to convert our client's ex pressions into beautiful branded packaging, which leaves an everlasting impact of grace and sophistication onto the minds of the recipients. The corporate clientele includes:  » ABN AMRO Bank  » Allied Bank  » Arif Habib Rupali  Bank  » Bank Alfalah  » Citibank  » DHL  » Dubai Islamic Bank  » Emaar Pakistan  » PIA  » Pizza Hut  » PTV SUFI Group of Industries Future plans * Nirala sweets is trying to outsource the company to reduce the extra cost. * To increase the marketing activities for the promotion of the company and allot specific budget for that purpose. * Looking forward to expand in England and Canada where sizable Pakistani communities live. Recommendations * They should review the costs of their products since they are targeting the higher class and upper middle class so that’s why the rates are high as compared to their competitors who make it difficult for the people with medium income and low income.If they review their costs and cut down a little bit on their prices then they can cover a much more number of customers and their sales will increase. * Continuous innovation and up gradation in technology and effective use of enabling technologies such as MIS will help integrate the entire supply chain better. * Sales promotions like prizes, lucky draw schemes should be introduced to attract more suppliers and focus more on their advertising because customers have very little information and awareness about their products such as Nirala Doodh.